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Supercharging is a method of forced induction (a mechanical process of forcing more air into an engine to produce more power) which uses a spinning impellor to push more air into the engine.  The crankshaft assists in the spinning of the impellor.

There are three types of superchargers: Roots, Screw, and Centrifugal.  They all have slight differences in methods of air compression, such as impellor shape, but all follow the same basic principle.

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