Habitat: forest openings, clearings, indicator of poor sites.
Wood Uses: Fenceposts, crates, small fishing boats, general millwork.
Wildlife Uses: Fruit: Bobwhite quail, wild turkey, gray catbird, crested flycatcher, kingbird, mockingbird, eastern phoebe, yellow-bellied sapsucker, red-eyed vireo, white-eyed vireo, pileated woodpecker. Fruit & bark: black bear. Twigs & foliage: white-tailed deer.
Historical Uses: Root bark tea used as spring tonic to purify blood, for skin diseased, bronchitis, colds, fever; as wash for sore eyes.
