Habitat: Grows best in moist soils in uplands or valleys with other hardwoods.
Wood Uses: Furniture woodenward and pulpwood.
Wildlife Uses: Seeds: eastern chipmunk. Seeds, flowers & buds: Carolina chickadee and songbirds. Seeds, bark twigs & flowers: raccoon, gray squirrel and red squirrel.
Historical Uses: Bark decoction for treating eye ailments, worms, as a tonic; cinnamon brown and black dyes from bark extract.
