Habitat: Well-drained upland slopes.
Wood Uses: Tool handles, sporting goods, ladders, smoking food, high fuel value.
Wildlife Uses: Nuts: wood duck, bobwhite quail and wild turkey. Nuts& flowers: American crow, blue jay, white-breasted nuthatch, yellow-bellied sapsucker. Nuts & bark: black bear, gray fox, raccoon, gray squirrel and red squirrel. Nuts & leaves: eastern chipmunk and white-footed mouse. Nuts, twigs, & foliage: white-tailed deer.
Historical Uses: Bark decoction taken to induce perspiration, relieve pain, strengthen stomach,, as antiseptic to dress cuts; wood for arrow shafts and blowgun darts.
