In many parts of the world, gardens have been created to serve as a retreat.  Persian gardens are divided into two crossed axes, forming four quadrants.  This symbolizes a belief that the universe is divided by four great rivers.  Irrigation provides formal pools, and fountains add a musical dimension.  High walls and beautiful flower gardens create shade and beauty.
     This was the design that surrounded  the Taj Mahal.  As visitors approach the Taj Mahal, they enter through a red sandstone gate that is over 100 feet .  It  contains etchings  from the Koran that were done in black calligraphy.  The gate was originally lined with silver, but it was replaced with copper when the silver was stolen in the eighteenth century.  The gate and adjoining walls contain a geometrically laid out garden that is approximately 1,002 feet on each side.  Beautiful flower gardens surround the paths.  The garden itself symbolizes paradise.  Canals divide it into four sections.  Water is an important part of the plan.  In the center is a long reflecting pool that offers a perfect reflection of the central building.  Cypress trees, which are symbolic of death, line the pools.  All of this beauty pays tribute to Mumtaz Mahal, Shah Jahan's wife.