THE CODE
 
 
    Navajo Code Talker by Alyssa                                               When  World War II  started in the Pacific, it relied heavily on secret communications.  The military needed speedy communication among the islands of the Pacific Ocean, which were spread out over thousands of miles.  Deploying troops without tipping off  the enemy was a challenge and Japan had the advantage in the beginning.  They were learning the time, place and direction the American attack forces were deployed.  But as the Navajo Marines started transmitting messages by telephone and radio using their secret code, the United States soon gained ground.
        When the first Navajos started to develop a code, they never realized the task that lay ahead of them.  First they had to learn military and field terms in English.  Then they had to create a Navajo equivalent for each of these terms.  In order to maintain secrecy, no written version of any code was ever allowed in the battle zones.  They had to commit every word to memory.  While creating the code, the Code Talkers used four basic rules to make memorization easier.
1.)  The code words had to have some kind of logical
       connection to the term to which they referred
2.)  Code words had to be unusually descriptive
3.)  Code words had to be short
4.)  They had to avoid words that could be confused
      with similar words

         Many of the code words were straightforward.  For example, different aircraft were given the name of different birds that acted similar to the planes.  For instance a dive bomber was much like a sparrow hawk to the Navajos, so it was called a gini; their word for sparrow hawk.  Other code words reflected the Navajo sense of humor.  Below is a list of some of the terms the Navajos created for military words.

   
 
 Military Term  Navajo Word Meaning
   
OFFICERS:
   
Major General So-na-kih Two Stars
Brigadier General So-ala-ih One Star
Colonel Astah-besh-legai  Silver Eagle
Lieutenant Colonel Che-chil-getah-besh-legai Silver Oak Leaf
Major Che-chil-betah-ola  Gold Oak Leaf
Captain Besh-legai-na- kih Two Silver Bars
Ist Lieutenant Besh-legai-a-lah-ih  One Silver Bar
2nd Lieutenant Ola-alh-ih-ni-hi  One Gold Bar
        
AIRPLANES:
Wo-tah-dineh-ih
(Air Corps)
  
Dive Bomber Gini Sparrow Hawk
Torpedo Plane Tas-chizzie Swallow
Observation Plane ine-ahs-jah  Owl
Fighter Plane  Da-he-tih-hi  Hummingbird
Bomber Plane Jav-sho Buzzard
Patrol Plane Ga- gih Crow
Transport Plane  Astah Eagle
      
SHIPS: Toh-dineh-ih
(Water Clan Fleet)
    
     
Battleship Lo-tso Whale
Aircraft Carrier Tsidi-ney-ye-hi  Bird carrier
Submarine Besh-lo Iron fish
Mine Sweeper Cha Beaver
Destroyer Ca-Io Shark
Troop Transport  Dinch-nev-ye-hi  Man carrierI
Cruiser Lo-tso-yazzie Small whale
   

        In order to be able to include other words in their code, besides the assigned terms, the Code Talkers added an alphabet code.  They took the English letter and thought of something that started with the letter, and then used the Navajo word for that object.  Thus, the Navajo words "wol-la-chee" (ant), "be-la-sana" (apple) and "tse-nill" (axe) all stood for the letter "a."  They then used a group of Navajo words to spell out an English word.  In order to say "Navy"  in Navajo Code they could say for instance, "tsah (needle)  wol-la-chee (ant)  ah-keh-di- glini (victor)  tsah-ah-dzoh (yucca)."  When they received a message, it either had terms they knew, or alphabet words which they could translate using the first letters of English words.   In this way, the Code Talkers could encode anything! 

  
CodeTalker Alphabet
  
   
A. (Wol-La Chee) - Ant
     (Be-La-Sana) - Apple  
     (Tse-Nill) - Axe

B. (Na-Hash-Chid) - Badger
    (Shush) - Bear
    (Toish-Jeh) - Barrel

C. (Moasi) - Cat
     (Tla-Gin) - Coal
     (Ba-Goshi) - Cow

D. (Be) - Deer
     (Chindi) - Devil
     (Lha-Cha-Eh) - Dog

E. (Ah-jah) - Ear
     (Dzeh) - Elk
     (Ah-Nah) - Eye

F.  (Chuo) - Fir
     (Tsa-E-Donin-Ee) - Fly
     (Ma-E) – Fox

G. (Ah-Tad) - Girl
     (Klizzie) - Goat
     (Jeha) - Gum

H. (Tse-Gah) - Hair
     (Cha) - Hat
     (Lin) - Horse

I . (Tkin) - Ice
     (Yeh-Hes) - Itch
     (A-Chi) - Intestine

J.  (Tkele-Cho-Gi) - Jackass
     (Yil-Doi) - Jerk
     (Ah-Ya-Tsinne) - Jaw

K. (Jad-Ho-Loni) - Kettle
     (Ba-Ha-Ne-Di-Tinin) - Key
     (Klizzie-Yazzie) - Kid

L. (Dibeh-Yazzie) - Lamb
    (Ah-Jad) - Leg 
    (Nash-Doie-Tso) - Lion

M. (Tsin-Tliti) - Match
     (Be-Tas-Tni) - Mirror
     (Na-As-Tso-Si) - Mouse

N. (Tsah) - Needle
     (A-Chin) - Nose
     (Nesh-Chee) - Nut

O. (A-Kha) - Oil
     (Tlo-Chin) - Onion
     (Ne-Ahs-Jah) - Owl

P. (Cla-Gi-Aih) - Pant
     (Bi-So-Dih) - Pig
     (Ne-Zhoni) - Pretty

Q. (Ca-Yeilth) - Quiver

R. (Gah) - Rabbit
     (Dah-Nes-Tsa) - Ram
     (Ah-Losz) - Rice

S. (Dibeh) - Sheep
    (Klesh) - Snake

T. (D-Ah) - Tea
     (A-Woh) - Tooth
     (Than-Zie) - Turkey

U. (Shi-Da) - Uncle
     (No-Da-ih) - Ute

V. (A-Keh-Di-Glini) - Victor

W. (Gloe-Ih) - Weasel

X. (Al-Na-As-Dzoh) - Cross

Y. (Tsah-Ah-Dzoh) - Yucca

Z. (Besh-Do-Tliz) - Zin

  
       The success of the code was due to the fact that Navajo families lived by themselves, on remote Reservations, and not together as a tribe for many of their earlier years.  This kept their language from being known to almost anyone other than themselves.   When the former chief of intelligence for the Japanese forces, General Seizo Arisue, found out many years after the war, that the code used by the the Americans was an American Indian Code, he replied, "Thank you. That was a puzzle I thought would never have been solved." 
   
Link to Code Talker dictionary
 
 
 
Recorded code talking done by Code Talker Wilfred E. Billey
"Request artillery fire on hill 105"