By the 1st century BC, magistrates
used private games to gain support in elections. The emperors successfully continued this practice, and the games became more and more lavish as each tried to out-do his predecessor. Enormous amounts of money were spent on the games, yet admission was free. By the close of the 2nd century there were 135 official
celebrations, and by the end of the 4th century there were 176. In addition, there were special celebrations, such as the 100 day games celebrating Trajan's victory over the Dacians. Publicly financed games also spread to the provinces. Restrictions were imposed on the games in the 4th century. Gladiator fights ended in the east at the end of the 4th century and in the west at the end of the 5th. The
wild animal contests died in the 6th century. Chariot racing fell silent in the late Roman empire of the west, but continued in the east afterwards. Eating and drinking for the poor usually meant frequenting taverns, ranging from brothels to gaming houses and everything in-between. Gaming was popular among all classes, and included pastimes such as dice, knucklebones, and gaming counters. Board games were played by adults as well
as children. Traditional children's games, such as hide-and-go-seek and leap frog are depicted in Ancient Roman art. Children's toys have also been found. For the wealthy, hunting and fishing may have provided leisurely sport, but for the poorer these activities were more often a necessity.
From the information on the previous pages, it is obvious that entertainment and leisure were central to Roman life. The public games (ludi)were originally part of religious festivals, but eventually entertainment superseded
religion and the games became more numerous. Important games included the Ludi Megalenses (4-10 April), Ludi Cereales (12-19 April), Ludi Florales (28 April - 3 May), Ludi Apollinares (6-13 July), Ludi Romani (5-19
September), and the Ludi Plebeii (4-17 November).
For the wealthy, however, entertainment could take place at home as they hosted their own dinner parties and lavish banquets. Along with dinner could be music, singing, and dancing by professionals. In some circles, recitation of written work, such as poetry and speeches, followed. For the plebeians, associations (collegia)may have thrown dinner parties.