-1030s Muslim Spain breaks up; much territory gained by Christian kingdom of North Spain.1032 Duchy of Burgundy becomes part of German Empire.
-1037 The Seljuk Turks begin dramatic expansion in the East.
-1048 Seljuks sack Armenia.
-1060 Robert Guiscard completes the Norman conquest of Southern Italy.
-1061 Robert Guiscard begins conquest of Sicily.
-1066 William Duke of Normandy gains throne of England at Battle of Hastings.
-1076 Norman conquest of Salerno; becomes capital of Norman Sicily. The Seljuk Turks capture Damascus and Jerusalem from the Fatimids.
-1084 Seljuks capture Antioch; Robert Guiscard rescues Gregory VII from Emperor Henry IV.
-1085 Christians capture Toledo; Normans capture Syracuse.
-1091 Nrmans complete conquest of Sicily.
-1094 El Cid captures Valencia from Moors.
-1095 Pope Urban 11 preaches the Crusade.
-1096 First Crusade sets off for Holy Land.
-1097 Crusaders defeat Seljuks at Nicaea and Dorylaeum.
-1098 Siege of Antioch; falls to Crusaders.
-1099 Crusaders capture Jerusalem.
-1098-1100 Crusaders establish three states in Holy Land: Kingdom of Jerusalem, Principality of Antioch, and the County of Edessa.
-1109 Crusaders capture Tripoli, and found fourth state. 1129 Roger of Sicily takes over Southern Italy.
-1144 Geoffrey Plantagenet ("The Fair") of Anjou captures Normandy.
-1140s Civil war in England between the Empress Matilda and Stephen of Blois.
-1145 Edessa captured by Emir Zangi. Second crusade fails to recapture it.
-1152 Henry Plantagenet marries Eleanor of Aquitaine; 1153 becomes King of England and the richest and biggest landowner in Europe.
-1158 Emperor Frederick I (Barbarossa) restores Imperial rule to Northern Italy.
-1160-2 Henry me Lion, Duke of Saxony and Bavaria conquers Wends of the lower Elbe.
-1169 Saladin conquers Egypt; 1174 declares himself Sultan.
-1170 Frederick Barbarossa defeated by me Lombard league of North Italian cities at me Battle of Legnano.
-1180 Henry me Lion dispossessed by Frederick; Saxony divided, Bavaria given to Otto of Wittelsbach.
-1187 Jerusalem lost to Saladin after me Battle of Hattin.
-1190 Third Crus~de: Richard I conquers Cyprus and
-1191 establishes Kingdom of Acre.
-1192 Richard captured and held for ransom in Germany.
-1201 Fourth Crusade sets off and
-1204 Sacks Constantinople.
-1204 Philip Augustus takes Normandy from England.
-1206 Rise of Genghis Khan.
-1212 Christian Knigs of Spain defeat Muslims at Battle of Las Nvas de Tolosa.
-1214 Philip Augustus defeats John of England and Otto IV of Germany at Battle of Bouvines; Frederick II is Emperor.
-1215 John signs the Magna Carta.
-1218-21 Fifth Crusade captures Damietta in Egypt.
-1228 Emperor Frederick II obtains Jerusalem by negotiation for the King of Acre.
-1229 Albigensian crusade ends; heresy is destroyed, southern France economically shattered.
-1236 Ferdinand III of Castile captures Cordoba.
-1242 Alexander of Nevsky defeats Teutonic Knights.
-1244 Jerusalem lost again.
-1249 Louis IX captures Damietta on Seventh Crusade.
-1268 Mamluks capture Antioch.
-1270 Louis IX dies during Eighth crusade.
-1277 Edward I begins conquest of Wales.
-1283 Conquest of Wales completed.
-1291 The Mamluks over-run Acre, last remnant of the crusader kingdom is lost.
-1314 Robert Bruce defeats Edward II at Bannockburn, confirming independence of Scotland.
-1315 Leopold of Austria defeated by Swiss Confederation at Battle of Morgarten.
-1337 Edward II of England claims the throne of France; start of Hundred Years War.
-1340 English naval victory over French at Sluys.
-1346 English victory at Crecy.
-1347 Edward II captures Calais.
-1346-50 Black Death decimates population of Europe-down by 25 to 30%. Widespread persecution of Jews, especially in Germany.
-1351-3 Swiss confederation joined by Zurich, Glarus, Zug and Berne.
-1356 King John of France captured at Poitiers.
-1360 Treaty of Bretigny-breif respite in Hundred Years War.
-1362 Philip the bold becomes Duke of Burgundy.
-1365 Siege of Alexandria led by Peter of Cyprus.
-1366 Throne of Castile in dispute; France supports Henry of Trastamara, England Peter the Cruel. Edward the Black Prince defeats Henry and captures Bertrand du Gueclin at Najera. Hundred Years War starts up again.
-1370's English lose ground in France.
-1381 Peasants Revolt in England.
-1385 Portuguese defeat Castile at Aljubarotta; Visconti rules Milan and Northern Italy.
-1390's Expansion of Ottoman Empire under Sultan Beyazit.
-1396 Battle of Nicopolis; Christians beaten by beyazit.
-1411-14 Civil War in France between Orelanists and Burgundians; Sigismud of Hungary becomes emperor of Germany.
-1415 Battle of Agincourt.
-1420 Henry V of England recognized by Charles VI as heir to the throne of France.
-1422 Henry V dies; war begins to go badly for the English.
-1425 Florence and Venice form alliance against Visconti of Milan.
-1429 Charles VII crowned at Orleans.
-1431 Joan of Arc burnt at the stake
-1434 Cosim de Medici become ruler of Florence.
-1436 Emperor Sigismund recognized as King of Bohemia after long struggle against nationalist Hussites.
-1453 English have lost all French possesions except Calais. End of 100 years war. Ottoman Turkes finally capture Constantinople.
-1454 Milan, Venice, Florence and Naples make peace.
-1455 Start of Wars of the Roses over English crown.
-1470 War between Switzerland and Austria.
-1475 War between Charles the Bold of Burgundy and the Swiss
-1477 The Swiss win.
-1479 Aragon and Castile united under Ferdinand and Isabella.
-1480 Ottoman Turks attack Rhodes.
-1486 End of wars of Roses, Henry VII marries Elizabeth of York.
-1492 Granada surrenders to Ferdinand and Isabella.
-1513 Emperor Maximilain and King Henry VIII of England invade France.
-1519 Charles I of Spain is elected Emperor Charles V of Germany.
-1523 Sweden becomes independent of Denmark, elect Gustav Vasa as King.
-1526 Ottoman Turks invade Hungary.
-1555 Charles V abdicates and is succeeded as Emperor by his brother Ferdinand, King of Hungary and Bohemia, and Archduke of Austria.
-1558 French capture Calais from English.
-1558 Elixabeth I suceeds to throne o England, Protestantism returns.
-1559 Henry II of France killed during a joust.
-1562 Conflict in France between Huguenots and Catholics.
-1566 Revolt in the Netherlands.
-1571 Battle of Lepanto: Spanish and Venetian naval force defeats Ottoman Turks.
-1572 More revolt in the Neterlands. massace of St. Bartholomew's Eve in Paris.
-1579 Dutch provinces unite in the Union of Utrecht, in rebellion against Spanish rule.
-1588 Defeat of the Spanish Armada.
-1593 Henry of Navarre becomes Catholic and then Henry IV of France.
-1597 Spanish forces defeated by Dutch at Turnhout.