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  How Nuclear Power Plants Work  

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    Nuclear power plants, with their huge, ten-foot thick concrete walls and enormous steam towers are massive things. But for all the area they take up, their energy comes from a source so small that the only thing that can see them are the most powerful microscopes. These are atoms, and more specifically, the neutrons and protons inside the atoms.

This diagram shows the isotopes of hydrogen and helium. the yellow dots are electrons, the blue are neutrons, and the red are protons.

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    Now that you know about isotopes and atoms, you are ready to read about radioactivity and nuclear power plants. Enjoy!   

    Nuclear radioactivity is a simple process if you know about it. The majority of all elements are not radioactive, which means that they will stay the same forever. However, some elements are radioactive. This means that after a certain length of time, the element will change into another one. There are three types of ways an atom can become another one. They are alpha decay, beta decay, and fission. 

    Alpha Decay: In alpha decay, an atom will release two neutrons and two protons that are bound together. After this, the atom becomes a different atom. For example, an Americium-241 atom will become a neptunium-237 atom after releasing an alpha particle. The alpha particle will then leave the atom at speeds around 10,000 miles per second. back

    Beta Decay: In beta decay, a neutron in an atom will turn into three different things, a proton, an electron, and a small particle called an antineutrino. The atom releases the electron and antineutrino, but not the proton. Therefore, all that really happens is that the nucleus of the atom gains a proton. An example of beta decay is a hydrogen-3, or tritium atom. After the beta decay process, the hydrogen-3 atom is a helium-3 atom. back

    Fission: The process that we are going to deal with when talking about nuclear power plants is the fission process. This is the process used in power plants and bombs and gives off a tremendous amount of energy. When an atom undergoes fission, it splits into two new atoms. Also, the original atom will eject neutrons at the moment of the fission, so the two new atoms put together will not have the same mass as the original one. For example, if a fermium-256 atom underwent fission, it could create a Xenon-140 and a palladium-112 atom. The ejected neutrons would continue away from the site of the fission and might run into another atom and create more fission. In nuclear power plants, the idea is to control the number of times fission is made. The more fission, the more power is released. You would think that the power plant would want as much power as it could get, but too much power will create a nuclear meltdown, endangering thousands of people. back

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    The Loop: Nuclear power plants actually work exactly like a coal or oil-based plant except that the ways they make steam to drive the turbines are different. A nuclear power plant works like this. Water is pumped from a water source such as a lake or reservoir. It is then pumped through the cooling water condenser, which is used to turn steam that is not used by the turbine back into water, and into the containment building. When it goes through the reactor, it is immediately turned into steam by the extreme heat generated by the atoms. The steam is then pumped into a turbine, making it spin. This creates the energy that the generator turns into electricity that can be used at home. There are a few different types of ways to use this system to create energy. The only main difference is that many of them have an added step: Instead of pumping steam directly to the turbine, it is put through a steam generator which uses the radioactive steam to turn unpressurized water into steam to turn the turbine. In this way, no radioactive steam ever touches the turbine or any other part of the plant. back

Copyright 1998-2002 HowStuffWorks, Inc. All rights reserved

    This is the basic way electricity is generated by a nuclear power plant, but there is much more that needs to be discussed to have a full understanding of a nuclear plant. 

    The Reactor: In a nuclear power plant, the energy is produced by the reactor core. The reactor core is made up of things called fuel rods and control rods. Each of these is necessary to run the plant. Fuel rods are long rods that contain things known as fuel pellets. In the pellets, enriched uranium known as "yellow cake" is placed. Yellow cake is a mixture of uranium-238, a non-radioactive form of uranium, and uranium-235, a highly radioactive form of uranium. In a fuel pellet, there needs to be about 40% uranium-235. In an atom bomb, this level needs to be increased to almost 90%. These fuel rods are placed in bundles in the reactor core. 

    Control rods are used to control the amount of heat that is produced by the reactor. Control rods are inserted into the bundles. They then absorb neutrons that would otherwise hit other atoms and increase the heat and energy. Control rods are used mainly for safety. They are used to shut down the reactor in case of a meltdown, and keep temperatures to a safe level. Besides this, they also slow the fission down, which increases the probability that the neutrons will hit atoms.   

    In the reactor core, there is always something called coolant present. Coolant actually has two purposes. It cools down the reactor so that it will not melt, and it carries the steam and energy that the turbine needs to spin. Generally, the coolant is water, which is the easiest to use, but in some cases, liquid sodium or carbon dioxide is used. The advantages of these coolants are that they enable the reactor to go to higher temperatures and produce more energy. There is also something called a moderator in a reactor. A moderator is placed around fuel rods to absorb excess atoms. They are needed so that radioactive atoms do not escape to other parts of the plant. back

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