1753
    Analysis of Beauty.    William Hogarth.
    Vauxhall Public Gardens, London.
    Roses from China begin arriving in Europe.

1757
    A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful.    Edmund Burke.
    Agriculture and Food - History - 18th Century Net Links.   By Rick Brainard.

1759
    Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew    The mother of King George III, Augusta, helps establish Kew Gardens on part of her estate.

1761
    Stephen Hale (1677 - 1761).   Botanist who studied the movement of sap in plants.

1762
    Julie ou La Nouvelle Heloise.    Jean Jacques Rousseau.

1763
    Observations on the Feeling of the Beautiful and the Sublime.    Immanuel Kant.

1765
    John Bartram, American plantsman from Pennsylvania, appointed "Botanist to the King."  Mr. Bartram introduced many native plants found in America into cultivation.

1766
    Fisherman's Garden in China.

1767
    Lazzaro Spallanzani (1765-1767) experiments with sterilization.

1768
    Essay on Design in Gardening.    W. Mason.

1769
   Every Man His Own Gardener.   Thomas Mawe and John Abercrombie.

1770
    Enlightenment views towards science and reason begin to influence gardeners.
    Observations on Modern Gardening.    Thomas Whately.
    Kew Royal Botanical Gardens directed by Joseph Banks.

1773
    John Clayton (1685-1773)    English botanist.
    William Bartram begins plant collecting in eight southern U.S. colonies.

1775
    Arboretum Americanum, the American Grove, or an Alphabetical Catalogue of Forest Trees Native of the American United States.  By John Bartram.
    Gay Gardening - Pennsylvania

1777
    John Bartram (1699-1777)   American plant collector, farmer, and plant hybridizer.  Bartram Gardens

1778
        Carolus Linnaeus [Carl von Linne]   (1707-1778)
        Swedish botanist, educator, and inventor of the modern system of botanical classification and nomenclature.  Information about Linnaeus: Biography, Swedish Museusm of Natural History,   Linne Online.   The many students and colleagues of Linnaeus provided a world-wide network of botanists exchanging scientific information and collected specimens.

1780
    The History of the Modern Taste in Gardening.     Horace Walpole.
    Letters From an American Farmer.     Michel-Guillaume St. Jean de Crevecoeur (1735-1813).
    Historie Naturelle.    Georges-Louis Leclerc.    44 volumes.

1783
    Lancelot 'Capability' Brown (1716-1783)  Renowned English garden designer and architect.
    De la Composition des Paysages.    Girardin.
    Botanical garden at Calcutta, India, established.   Kew RBG associate.

1784
    Seeds sold in paper packets by Shakers in New England.

1788
    Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon (1707-1788).   French natural scientist.
    Les Epoques de la Nature.  Georges-Louis Leclerc.   Revised timescales for history of the earth.

1789
    First People's Park in Munich, Germany, designed by Ludwig von Skell.
    William Paxton's work on botanical gardens in England.

1791
    Horticulture in the New World
    Travels Through North and South Carolina.     William Bartram.

1792
    Remarks on Forest Scenery and Other Woodland Views.     William Gilpin.
    Ladies of Langollen garden, Plas Newydd, England, by Eleanor Butler and Sarah Ponsonby.
    The Farmer's Almanac first published by Robert B. Thomas.

1793
    Eli Whitney patented the first cotton ginning machine.

1794
    Essays on the Picturesque.   Price.
    Zoonomia, or, The Laws of Organic Life.     Erasmus Darwin.

1795
    Observations on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening.     Humphry Repton.
    Nicholas Appert, a Frenchman, developed techniques for preserving foods by canning.

1797
    Charles Newbold, a blacksmith in Burlington, N.J., introduced the cast-iron moldboard plow.

1799
    A British Garden.    Charlotte Murray.
    A Collection of Roses from Nature.    Mary Lawrance.
    George Washington (1732-1799).   President, soldier, farmer (Mt. Vernon), and plant collector.

1800
    "In 1800, approximately 75% of the population [America]  were directly engaged in agricultural production.  By 1850, it was less than 60% and by 1900, less than 40% were engaged in agricultural production."  Modern Agriculture.

1801
    John Chapman, Johnny Appleseed, begins planting apple trees in the Ohio Valley.

1802
    Erasmus Darwin (1731-1802).   English physician and natural scientist.
    Alexander von Humboldt shows the merits of South American bird guano for plants.

1803
    The German pharmacist, Friedrich Saturner, names morphine after the Greek god of dreams, Morpheus.
    Empress Josephine Bonaparte's rose garden is shown in prints by Pierre-Joseph Redoute.

1804
    Royal Horticultural Society in England is established.
    Joseph Priestly (1733 - 1804).   Studied gases released by plants.

1805
    Description Botanique du Chiranthodendron.   José Dionisio Larreátegui. Full-text online.
    The gardens of Empress Josephine Bonaparte's gardens at Malmaison in France have over 2,000 species of plants.  Her              head gardener was Aime Bonpland.

1806
    The American Gardener's Calendar.    Bernard McMahon.
    An Inquiry into the Changes of Taste in Landscape Gardening.     Humphry Repton.

1808
    Botanical Gardens in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil, (Kew Garden Associate) established.

1809
    Every Man His Own Gardener.   Thomas Mawe and John Abercrombie.   19th Edition, 1st Ed. 1769.
    Jean Babtiste Lamark's theories about evolution are published.

1810
    Three Essays on the Picturesque.   Uvedal Price.
    In England, Peter Durand, invents the tin can for preserving foods.

1813
    Hector St. John de Crevecoeur (1735-1813).  French writer and farmer

1816
    The Florist's Manual.    Maria Jackson.

1818
    Humphry Repton (1752-1818).   English garden designer.
    Thomas Nuttall.  Genera of North American Plants.
    Pioneer farm life in the Ozarks.

1820
    Les Jardins.   Poem by Abbe De Lille.
    Joseph Banks (1743-1820)  Plant collector, botanist, explorer of Australia, President of the Royal Horticultural Society for 40 years, wealthy landowner.   Brought 3,500 different species of plants to the Kew RBG.
    Myths about tomatoes being harmful to humans are repudiated by agricultural experts.

1821
    The American Gardener.    William Cobett.   Nurseryman and plant collector.

1822
    The Encyclopedia of Gardening.    John C. Loudon.

1825
    Impact of the Industrial Revolution on Agriculture.

1826
    Gardener's Magazine (1826-1843)      Published by John C. Loudon.
    Thomas Jefferson (1783-1826).   American President, writer, farmer (Monticello), and plantsman.
    Visit his Monticello home and gardens.  What was a day with Jefferson like at Monticello.  On-line Resources.
    Robert Stein invents and patents methods of distillation for production of liquors, spirits, and liqueurs.

1829
    The English Gardener.    William Cobbett.
    A History of English Gardening.    George Johnson.
    Machines to break up bones for fertilizer are invented.
    St. James Metropolitan Cemetery in Liverpool, England.    Start of garden cemetery movement.
    Terrarium horticulture developed by Nathaniel B. Ward (1791-1868) - the Wardian case.

1830
    Rural Rides.    William Cobbett.
    John Deere develops and produces the first steel plowshare.
    The lawn mower invented in England by Edwin Beard butting.

1831
    Maplelawn Gardens, Ontario, B.C.

1832
    Every Lady Her Own Flower Garden.  Louisa Johnson.
    William Hooker (1779-1832).  Botanical illustrator and artist. Botanical art supplies.
    Practical Hints for Landscape Gardeners.    William Sawrey Gilpin (1762-1843).
    Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832).     Penetrating Goethe.

1834
    David Douglas (1799-1834).   English plant collector - collected in western America.

1835
    William Cobbett (1763-1835)

1838
    The Rose Fancier's Manual.    Catherine Gore.
    The Suburban Gardener and Villa Companion.    By John C. Loudon.
    The Trees and Shrubs of Britain, Native and Foreign (Arboretum Et Fruticetum Britannicum).
        By John C. Loudon.  8 Volumes.

1839
    The Voyage of the Beagle.    Charles Darwin.

1840
    Gardening for Ladies.    Jane Loudon.
    The Derby Arboretum, a Public Park, designed by John Loudon.
    The English import bat guano fertilizer from South America.
    Kew National Botanical Gardens transferred from Crow to British government.   William J. Hooker appointed director of          Kew NBG.   250 acres.    Opened to public on weekends.
    Soil chemistry research by the German chemist Julius von Liebig.   Minerals, humus, manure, and fertilizer are essential to          plant growth.  Law of the minimum formulated.

1841
    Gardener's Chronicle -     Published by Joseph Paxton.
    The Ladies Companion to the Flower Garden.    Mane Loudon.
    Landscape Gardening:  A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening.  Andrew J. Downing.
    Victoria Park, London, a public park, designed by James Pennethorne.
    Syracuse, New York, hosts the first state agricultural fair in America.
    Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (1824-1873).  Augustin de Candolle (1775-1841) worked on the
    Prodromus from 1816 until his death in 1841, then his son, Alphonse (1806-1893).

1842
    Cottage Residences.    Andrew J. Downing.
    John B. Lawes opens Deptford factory in England making fertilizer from bones and sulfuric acid.
    The Southern Farmer and Market-Gardener.      Francis S. Holmes.

1843
    John Claudius Loudon (1783-1843).   English gardener and writer.
    Birkenhead Park, Wirral, Merseyside, a people's park, designed by Joseph Paxton.
    The Rothamsted Experimental Station, England, developed by Sir John Lawes and Sir Henry Gilbert.
Rothamsted is the oldest agricultural experiment station in the world.

1844
    Jane Loudon's flower paintings.

1845
    The Fruits and Fruit Trees of America.    Andrew J. Downing and Charles Downing.
    The Horticulturist -    A magazine published by Andrew J. Downing.
    A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Gardening Adapted to North America.   Andrew J. Downing.

1846
    Queen's park, Manchester England, designed by Joshua Major.

1848
    The Cottage Gardens of American.    Walter Elder.

1849
    A Practical Treatise on the Management of Fruit Trees.      George Jacques.
    Patents issued on chemical fertilizers: guano and sulfate of ammonia.

1850
    How to Lay Out a Small Garden.    Joseph Paxton.
    Cultivating Canadian Gardens: A History of Gardening In Canada.    Presented by the National Library of Canada.               Interesting facts about Huron agriculture, Canadian flora, pioneer gardens, and 19th Century seed catalogs.  Includes a bibliography, links, and photographs.
    The growth of railroad systems around the world from 1850-1890 greatly expanded the marketing options for agriculture.

1851
    The Crystal Palace in Hyde Park constructed.   Designed by Joseph Paxton.
    John James Audubon  (1785-1851)   American ornithologist and painter.
    Joseph Hooker brings 6,5000 species of plants from India to Kew NBG.

1852
    Andrew Jackson Downing (1815-1852).    American landscape architect and horticulturist.   Editor of The Horticulturist         from 1845.
    Chorlton's Grape Growers Guide.     William Chorlton.
    Tea plants sent from China to Indian Himalayas by Robert Fortune.
       Tea  A great selection of teas and teaware; and good information about tea.
   Walks and Talks of an American Farmer in England.   Federick L. Olmsted.

1853
    Ephraim Wales Bull develops first stock of Concord grapes.
    The Farmer's Guide to Scientific and Practical Agriculture.   Henry Stephens.   Full-text online.
    Robert Veitch's nurseries in Chelsea and Exeter are very successful.

1854
    Walden.    By Henry David Thoreau.
    The American Gardener.   William Cobbett.  Full-text online.

1855
    The Old Homestead.    Anna S. Stephens.    Cities negative influence on rural areas.

1856
    J. T. Way discovers that nitrates are formed in soils by fertilizers containing ammonia.

1857
    Handbook of Fruit Culture.     Thomas Gregg.
    Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) announces theory that bacteria and germs cause infectious diseases.
    Wirt, Elizabeth Washington Wirt  (1784-1857)  Flora's Dictionary.

1858
    Jane Loudon (1807-1858).   Writer, artist, gardener; wife and collaborator with John Loudon.
    Central Park in New York City is designed by Frederick Law Olmstead and Calvert Vaux.

1859
    On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection.     Charles Darwin.
    Plain and Pleasant Talk about Fruits, Flowers and Farming.    Henry Ward Beecher.  Full-text online.
    Western Fruit Book.     F. R. Elliott.    4th Edition.
    The bedding system is very popular: geometrical flower beds with colorful annuals, e.g., 40,000 bedding plants set out in          Hyde Park, London, in 1859.
    Red House, Kent, England designed by Philip Webb (1831-1915) and commissioned by William Morris was the first Arts              and Crafts house and garden.

1860
    E. W. Hilgard's studies in ecology and soils.
    The Wheat Plant.     John H. Klippart.
    Cree Nation farming.

1861
    Cinchona trees (for quinine) sent from Kew NBG to India.

1862
    Henry David Thoreau  (1817-1862)  American naturalist and essayist.
    United States Department of Agriculture established.  Called the "People's Department" by President Lincoln.
    Homestead Act and Morrill Land Grand College Act signed by President Lincoln.

1863
    Evidence on Man's Place in Nature.   Thomas H. Huxley.   Huxley's aphorisms (353K)
    Pear Culture Manual.    Gordon F. Ferris.
    Scale insects destroy 2.5 million acres of French vines.

1865
    Joseph Paxton (1803-1865)  English architect, engineer, gardener, town planner.
    Heirloom Vegetable Gardening:  A Master Gardener’s Guide to Planting, Seed Saving, and Cultural History.               William Woys Weaver.
    William Jackson Hooker ( - 1865)  Botanist, Director of Kew NBG.
    Gregor Johann Mendel publishes findings about genetic experiments with pea plants.
    Dutch in Java start production of guinine from chinchona trees smuggled out of Bolivia.

1866
    The American Gardener's Assistant.   Thomas Bridgeman. Full-text online.
    Country Life: A Handbook of Agriculture, Horticulture, & Landscape Gardening.   Robert Morris Copeland.
    Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society  (1866-1975) -
    Indian Corn:  Its Value, Culture and Uses.      Edward Enfield.

1867
    The Small Fruit Culturist.    Andrew S. Fuller.

1868
    Suburbia, a planned community outside Chicago, designed by F. L. Olmsted.
    The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication.      Charles Darwin.

1869
    The American Woman's Home.   Harriet Beecher Stowe and Catherine Beecher.
    How Crops Grow.    Samuel W. Johnson.
    Nature -    Weekly science journal published in London.

1870
    Alpine Flowers for English Gardens.    William Robinson.
    The Art of Beautifying Suburban Home Grounds of Small Extent.     Frank Scott.
    Handbook of the Sulphur Cure.     William J. Flagg.
    The Wild Garden.    William Robinson.
   Bring Floral Beauty Into Your Home.  Excellent on-line florist.

1871
    The Descent of Man.    Charles Darwin.
    The Garden -.     Magazine published by William Robinson.
    My Summer in the Garden.    Charles Dudley Warner.

1872
    Farm Gardening and Seed Growing.     F. Brill.
    Gardening By Myself.    Anna Bartlett Waner (1824-1915)
    The Model Potato.    By John McLaurin.
    Cotton growing in South Carolina

1873
    Joseph Breck (1794-1873)  American nurseryman
    DDT invented by Othmar Zeidler.  Its insecticidal properties were not exploited until the 20th Century.
    Oregon Trail.     By Frances Parkman Jr..
    Invention and manufacture of barbed wire fencing.
    Justis Von Liebig (1803-1873).    Studied the chemistry of plant nutrition.
    John Torrey.   (1796-1873). American botanist and teacher.

1875
    Henry Wickham brings rubber tree seeds from Brazil to England, the plants later being sent to Sri Lanka.
    First state agricultural station established in Connecticut at Wesleyan University.

1876
    The Effects of Cross and Self Fertilization in the Vegetable Kingdom.    Charles Darwin.
    Rubber seeds smuggled out of Brazil to Kew NBG.
    M. D. Peter of Switzerland added dried milk to chocolate and produced "milk chocolate."
    A. Atlee Burpee starts a popular seed company in America.

1877
    Birds and Poets.    John Burroughs.
    Grapes and Grape Vines of California.      Hannah Millard.
    Royal Parks and Gardens of London.    Nathan Cole.
    Treatise and Handbook of Orange Culture in Florida.      T. W. Moore.

1878
    Robert Koch's (1843-1910) work in the science of bacteriology is very influential.

1879
    Gardening Illustrated -     A magazine published by William Robinson.
    Typical diet of the Crimean Tatar.
    Silas McDowell (1795-1879).  Pomologist in Southern U.S..  Developed thermal belt concept.   Biography.

1880
    The Power of Movement in Plants.     Charles Darwin and F. Darwin.
    Robert Fortune (1812-1880), a Scottish plant collector, introduced over 120 new plants to the West.

1882
    Ralph Waldo Emerson  (1803-1882)  American poet, essayist, and philosopher. Emerson 1    Emerson 2
    Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882)  English naturalist, writer, and theorist.  After Darwin's adventures on the Beagle, he married, raised a large family, and lived in a more rural area outside London.   "From 1842 he lived at Down House, Downe, Kent, a country gentleman among his gardens, conservatories, pigeons, and fowls. The practical knowledge he gained there, especially in variation and interbreeding, proved invaluable. Private means enabled him to devote himself to science, in spite of continuous ill-health" - Biography.  For more information on Charles Darwin:  The C. Warren Irvin, Jr., Collection of  Charles Darwin and Darwinian,  The Origin of the Species,   The Descent of Man,   The Voyage of the Beagle,   Photo,   Darwinian Books,   Links.

1883
    The English Flower Garden.    William Robinson.
    Marianne North's flower and plant paintings are collected and reproduced.
    Truck Farming in the South.     A. Oemler.
    Woven wire fencing manufactured.
    L'Origine des Plantes Cultivees.  By the Swiss botanist Alphonse de Candolle.

1884
    Amateur Gardening -      Magazine.    First editor:  James Shirley Hibberd.
    The nontoxic fungal treatment for grapes, Bordeaux, developed by Pierre Marie Alexis Millardet.
    British Apples.     A. F. Barron.
    The Garden:  Its Art and History.   Jacob von Falk.
    Handbook of Tree Planting.     Nathaniel H. Egleston.
    Gregor Johann Mendel (1822-1884)  Austrian botanist who studied plant breeding and inheritance.

1885
    Fresh Fields.    John Burroughs.
    Gravetye Manor, West Hoathly, Sussex, purchased and gardens developed by William Robinson.
    The Marigold Garden.  By Kate Greenway.  Popular children's book.
    The Origin of Cultivated Plants.     A. Candolle.
    Science -      American Association for the Advancement of Science.   Monthly journal.

1886
    Emily Dickinson (1830-1886)  American poet
    The Old Garden.    Margaret Deland (1857-1945)
    The Practical Fruit Grower.     Samuel T. Maynard.
    Small Fruits.     William H. Hills.

1887
    Experiments in water filtration with sand at the Lawrence Experiment Station in Massachusetts.
    The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin.   2 Volumes.
    Medizinal Pflanzen.    Hermann A. Köhler.  Full-text online.

1888
    Brandywine tomato introduced by Johnson and Stokes.
    Garden and Forest:  Journal of Horticulture, Landscape Art, and Forestry (1888-1897).
    Grape Culture and Wine Making in California.  George Husmann.
    The Olive:  Its Culture in Theory and Practice.   A. T. Marvin.
    Asa Gray (1810-1888).   American botanist.

1889
    Charter Gas Engine Company gasoline tractor is manufactured and sold with success.
    The Garden's Story.  George Ellwanger.

1890
    James Shirley Hibberd  (1825-1890)  English garden writer
    How to Make the Garden Pay.     T. Greiner.
    The Raisin Industry.     Gustav Eisen.
    S. Winogradski isolates bacteria responsible for the transformation of ammonia to nitrate.
 

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