1600
    European forests are becoming depleted, and shortages of wood effect various industries.  In later years, coal, petroleum,  hydroelectric and finally nuclear power sources are increasingly utilized.  [Ponting 1991]
    Mannerism in gardening.

1603
    Hyde Park, London, opened to the public by King James I.
    Isagoges in Rem Herbarium.  Spigelius.  Important for his instructions on making dried herbarium specimens.
    Akbar the Great (1556-1605), Mogul emperor of India and garden lover.

1607
    Sassafras beverages are very popular in England.   [Rupp 1990]

1612
    The beginning of tobacco cultivation in Virginia.
    History of Agriculture in Colonial America.
    Florilegium.   Emanuel Sweert.  Flowering plants.
    Europeans are introduced to drinking tea. Tea products and information.

1613
   HortusEystettensis. Besler.  660 species of flowering plants.
   Florilegium Novum.   Jean Theodore de Bry.   Flowering plants.

1615
    The English Hus-Wife.   Gervase Markham.

1618
    The Country House-Wife's Garden.   William Lawson.  Includes knot garden designs.
    A New Orchard and Garden.   William Lawson.

1621
    First botanic garden in England, the Oxford Physic Garden.
    Americans are busy brewing beer.
    Novum organum.  Frances Bacon.  The scientific method of observation and experiment is advocated.
    The first American Thanksgiving feast was celebrated in Plymouth Colony by the pilgrims and Massasoit Indians.
    Katsura Rikyu Imperial Villa, Kyoto, Japan

1623
    Pinax.  By Gaspard Bauhin.  Exhaustive compilation of plant names and descriptions, later helpful to Linneaus.

1624
    Gaspard Bauhin (1560-1624), Pinax Theatri Botanici.   Used a clear concept of genus and species in his botannical classification of 6,000 plants.

1625
    Of Gardens.   Francis Bacon.  An essay on the ideal 30 acre farm.

1629
    Paradisi in Sole Paradisus Terrestris.  John Parkinson.
    Native American Technology and Art   An excellent site developed by Tara Pringle.  Lots of good information, articles, and links.

1630
    The city of Constantinople is renowned for flower gardens and horticulture for centuries before and after.
    Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq, ambassador from the court of Ferdinand I in Vienna, brings back tulips and other bulbs given to him by Suleiman the Magnificent in Istanbul, Turkey.   The Dutch soon began growing tulips as a major cash crop.   The Dutch had greatly expanded their fertile agricultural land by over 400,000 acres by draining lakes and swamps with windmills and using dykes and levies to control the water.

1635
    Yuan Yeh.   Chi Ch'eng.  Treatise on Chinese rock gardens.
    The Jardin des Plantes was established in Paris.
    The peak of Tulip buying mania amonst wealthy Dutch collectors.

1637
    John Tradescant The Younger makes his first trip to Virginia, America.

1638
    John Tradescant the Elder (1570 - 1638)  Gardener to Charles I of England, and avid plant collector.
    Honeybees introduced into the American colonies.

1642
    In Japan, Matsudaira Yorishige greatly improves the Ritsurin Koen estate and gardens in Takamatsu City, Shikoku island, Japan.

1646
    Hesperides, sive De Malorum aureorum Cultura et Usus Libri Quator (Hesperides, or Four Books on the Culture and Use of the Golden Apples).  By J. B. Ferrarius.   A massive study (500 pages) of the cultivation of citrus crops.

1647
    Rice cultivation begins in North and South Carolina.  Sweet potato cultivation in Virginia.  The New England rum industry uses sugar and molasses.  The Caribbean islands grow sugar cane.   [Root 1980]

1648
    Jean Baptiste van Helmont conducts experiments with water, soil and plants.

1650
    Of Agriculture    By Abraham Cowley (1618-1667).
    European Garden History   Presented by Trans Europe Tours.  Tours of famous 15th to 18th century gardens in England, Scotland, Wales, France, Belgium and the Netherlands.
    Cultivating Canadian Gardens: A History of Gardening In Canada.    Presented by the National Library of Canada.  Interesting facts about Huron agriculture, Canadian flora, pioneer gardens, and 19th Century seed catalogs.  Includes a bibliography, links, and photographs.
    The Enchanted Gardens of the Renaissance   Facts about three Renaissance gardens near Rome:   Villa D'Este - Tivoli, Villa Lante - Bagnaia, Bomarzo's Sacred Groves.
    Roman Catholic Archbishop Usher estimates that the world is 6000 years old, and Adam was alive in 4004 B.C..

1652
    A Design for Plentie, by a Universall Planting of Fruit Trees.     Samuel Hartlib.
    The English Physician (Culpepper's Complete Herbal).     Nicholas Culpepper.
    Coffee being used in England.  Coffee Specialties: Products and Information
    Gardens in the Netherlands.

1653
    A Treatise of Fruit Trees.   Ralph A. Austen.

1654
    Taj Mahal in India.

1655
    Ferrari, Giovanni Battista  (1584-1655).    Flora, Ouero, Cultura di Fiori.

1656
    Musaeum Tradescantianum.    John Tradescant the Younger (1608-1662).  Plant collector.
    The Tradescants' botanical garden at Lambeth, England, had over 1600 named plants in cultivation.

1659
    Imperial garden, Katsura, in Japan.
    Shugaku, pleasure garden in Kyoto, Japan.

1663
   The Compleat Gard'ner.   John Evelyn.
    Kalendarium Hortense.   John Evelyn.    Popular gardening almanac.
    William Coles (1626-1662).  The Art of Simpling.

1664
    Sylva, or a Discourse of Forest Trees.    John Evelyn (Portrait)

1665
    The Age of Discovery
    Flora.    John Rea.
    Micrographia.    Robert Hooke.   He devised a useful lighted compound microscope.  Described the celluar structure of cork.

1670
    First Scotish botanic garden, in Edinburgh.
    The English Garden.   Leonard Meager.
    Yamato honzo (The Flora of Japan).  Kaibara Ekken.

1671
    The Anatomy of Plants by Nehemiah Grew and Anatome Plantarum Idea by Marcello Malpighi.  Detailed works on the anatomy of plants.

1673
    Chelsea Physic Garden in England founded by the Society of Apothecaries.

1676
    Terra, a Philosophical Discourse of Earth.     John Evelyn.
    Flora Ceres et Pomona.    John Rea.

1677
    Systema Horticulturae, or the Art of Gardening.     John Woolridge.
    Nurseryman William Lucas's list of plants for sale.

1682
    Methodus Plantarum Nova.    John Ray.
    Heligan ("The Willows") Gardens, Cornwall, England.  Lost Gardens of Heligan.

1685
    Upon the Gardens of Epicurus; or, Of Gardening.    By Sir William Temple (1628-1699).
    Rural Retirement to English Gardens.
    Summary of the late 17th Century achievements in microscopy.

1686
    Historia Plantarum.   John Ray.
    American kitchen gardens from 1600-1800 were planted based on astrology, featured many herbs, used raised beds well dunged and dug in the autumn, and were fenced in to keep animals out.

1697
    Honcho shoku-kagami (Mirror of the Culinary Items of Japan).   Hirano Hitsudai.

1700
    Andre Le Notre (1613-1700)  French landscape designer for Louis XIV: Versailles, Chantilly, etc.
    Agriculture and Food in the 18th Century: Links

1701
    The first agricultural machine, the seed drill, was invented by Jethro Tull.

1703
    Robert Hooke   (1635-1703).   English experimental scientist and inventor.
    Summary of 17th Century microscopy.

1705
    John Evelyn (1620-1705)  English writer, government official, diarist, and landscape garden expert.
    John Ray (1628-1705)   English naturalist and theologian.

1709
    Chinese Imperial Garden Yuan Ming Yuan (Garden of Perfect Brightness) near Peking.

1711
    The Dutch Gardener, or the Complete Florist.     Van Oosten.

1712
    La Theorie et la Pratique du Jardinage.   Dezallier d'Argenville.  French garden designer.
            Translated and published by John James:  The Theory and Practice of Gardening.

1715
    Plantae Coldenhamiae.  By Cadwallader Colden.  Descriptions of plants near Newburgh, New York.
    The four-field crop rotation (turnips, wheat, barley and clover) was popularized by Charles Townshend.

1718
    Ichnographia Rustica.    Stephen Switzer (1682-1745).  Includes: The Nobleman, Gentleman, and Gardeners Recreation (1715).

1723
    A. Van Leeuwenhoek (1632 - 1723).   Dutch botanist.  Analyzed the cellular tissue of wood.

1727
    Coffee plantations established in Brazil.   [Baker 1978]
       Coffee Specialties   Varieties, information, links, FAQ.

1730
    Kew Royal Botanical Gardens designed by William Kent.
   History of American Agriculture - The Colonial Years.  By John Chapman.

1731
    The Gardener's Dictionary.   Philip Miller (1691-1771).   Head of Apothecaries Garden, Chelsea.

1732
    Antony van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1732)   Dutch microscope maker and microscopist.
    Philip Miller of the Chelsea Physic Garden sends the first cotton seeds to Georgia, USA.

1733
    History of the Dividing Line Betwixt Virginia and North Carolina.     William Byrd II.

1735
    Tsukiyama Teizoden (Creating Landscape Gardens).   Kitamura Enkin.

1729
    Guillaume Beaumont (1650-1729)  Created the famous topiary garden at Levens Hall, Cumbria.

1736
    Fundamenta Botanica.    Carolus Linnaeus.

1737
    Systema Naturae, Critica Botanica, and Genera Plantarum.     Carolus Linnaeus.

1741
    Jethro Tull (1674-1741)  English agriculturalist perfeced machine drill for sowing seed; advocated turning the soil around plants to increase productivity.

1743
    The American Philosophical Society organized by Benjamin Franklin and John Bartram.
    Prussian peasants are forced to plant potatoes by Frederick II.

1747
    The Natural History of Carolina, Florida, and the Bahama Islands.   Mark Catesby, plant collector.
    Tuileries Garden, France

1748
    William Kent (1685-1748).  Garden designer and artist.   Rousham House, Oxforshire and others.
    Painshill Gardens, England.   Created by Charles Hamilton.

1750
    Philosophia Botanica, and Species Plantarum.     Carolus Linnaeus.  Beginning of scientific nomenclature for plants.
    Story of the Stone.   Cao Xuequin.   A Chinese novel with numerous descriptions of Chinese gardens.
    European Garden History   Presented by Trans Europe Tours.  Tours of famous 15th to 18th century gardens in England, Scotland, Wales, France, Belgium and the Netherlands.
 

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