1400
    The Feate of Gardening.

1450
    Illustrations for Designing Mountain, Water, and Hillside Field Landscapes.   Zoen, Japanese landscape architect.
    Emperor Yoshimasa of Japan made flower arrangement part of universal education.
    Johann Gutenberg began printing with moveable type in Mainz, Germany.   By 1500, the world of ideas would never be the same in Western Europe because of this single invention.

1460
    The Gart der Gesundheit.   Printed in Mainz.    Herbal medicine.
    Hortus Sanitatis.   Printed in Mainz.    Herbal medicine.
    Fifteenth Century Life in Europe - Roses

1472
    De re aedificatoria.    Leone Battista Alberti (1404-1472).   Renaissance scholar.
    The Topkapi Palace in Turkish Constantinople has renowned fruit trees, gardens and landscaping.

1480
    Giovanni Medici's villa garden.

1490
    Temple garden of Royanjii, Japan.

1492
    Voyage of Christopher Columbus from Spain to the edge of the Americas.
    The beginning of plant exchanges between Europe and the Americas.

1497
    Portuguese control the spice trade in the Indian Ocean.

1510
    Sunflowers from South America introduced in Spain.

1513
    Daisen-in garden in Koyoto, Japan.  Designed by So-ami.  This is a famous dry garden (Kare-Sanuui).
    Hampton Court Gardens, England.    By Linda Johnson.

1516
    First use of the term 'herbal' per the Oxford English Dictionary.

1528
    Hernando Cortes introduces vanilla beans, fava beans, cocoa, sweet potatoes, and haricot to Spain.

1529
    Historia General de Nueva Espana.    Bernardino de Sahugun.   Aztec gardening arts reported.

1530
    Gardens of Babur (1483-1530), Mughal Emperor, in Persia and India.
    Persian botanical art, particularly miniatures, is renowned.
    Plants exchanged between Europe and the Americas.

1533
    Oldest university chair of botany in Europe, founded in Padua by the Venetian Republic.
    Spainards started caco tree plantations in Venezuela and Trinidad.

1535
    Nature Mysticism of Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa of Nettesheim (1487-1535) and Theophrastus Paracelsus (1493-1541).

1543
    Europe's first bontanic garden, established in Pisa by botany professor Luca Ghini.
    Potatoes from South America, via Spain, cultivated in Europe.

1545
    The Ikenobo School "formulated the principles of rikka arrangements by naming the seven principal branches used in
that type of arrangement."

1550
    Villa Medici in Rome.
    Europe's first museum of natural history in Bologna.
    The first printed almanacs in English become available.

1555
    Georgius Agricola  [George Buaer}  (1494-1555)    German geologist, metallurgist, and paleontologist.
    Carolus Clusius, Dutch botanist, cultivating tulip bulbs imported from Constantinople.
    Fuch's Botanical.   Leonhard Fuchs (1501-1566).

1557
    Five Hundred Points of Good Husbandry:  A Book of Huswifery.   Thomas Tusser.
    Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdes (1478-1557)  Described flora of New World.

1561
    De Historia Plantarum.  Valerius Cordus.

1568
    William Turner  (1510-1568), "Father of English Botany."

1569
    Nicolas Monardes writing about the botany of the New World based on Spanish accounts.
    The Profitable Arte of Gardening.    Thomas Hill.   Herbal medicine.

1570
    Villa d'Este, Little Rome, constructed at Tivoli, Italy.    Elaborate water garden.
    Spanish explorers bring potatoes back to Europe.
    Francisco Hernandez, private physician to Philip II of Spain, explores the New World and reports on over 1,000 plants considered of medicinal value.  This research was not published until 1651 as Rerum Medicarum Novae Hispaniae.
    The Enchanted Gardens of the Renaissance   Facts about three Renaissance gardens near Rome:   Villa D'Este - Tivoli, Villa Lante - Bagnaia, Bomarzo's Sacred Groves.

1576
    Conrad Heresbach   (1496-1576)   The Whole Art and Trade of Husbandry, Contained in Foure Bookes.

1577
    Gardener's Labyrinth.    Thomas Hill (Didymus Mountain).

1580
    Villa Lante, Renaissance garden, Bagnaia, Italy.

1583
    Great Pharmacopoeia.    Li Shih-Chen (Li Shi-Zhen).  Chinese botanist.  Botanical medicine.
    De Plantis Libri.   Andrea Cesalpino.  A very important book in the history of botany.  Plants grouped by physical characteristics (morphology) rather than by medicinal properties.

1586
    Sir Frances Drake brings sassafras from America to England.  [Rupp 1990]
    Gardens in the Netherlands.
     Vicino Orsini's garden at Bomarzo, Italy.

1591
    Sen no Soyeki or Rikyu (1522-1591).   Japanese tea master, poet, and garden lover.
    Tea.  A great selection of teas and teaware; and some good information about tea.

1593
    First French botanic garden in Montpellier.   Influenced by Moorish Spain.

1595
    Frances Bacon prepares lists of common garden plants.
    Floriculture and plant collecting are very popular in England and the Low Countries.

1597
    The Herbal of Generall Historie of Plants.   John Gerard.   1360 pages.
    The Dutch take over from the Portuguese in contolling the spice trade in the Indian Ocean.

1600
    European forests are becoming depleted, and shortages of wood effect various industries.  In later years, coal, petroleum,  hydroelectric and finally nuclear power sources are increasingly utilized.  [Ponting 1991]
    Mannerism in gardening.
 

.