Conduct of a Battle

Sometimes divination was part of the first phase; Divination by various techniques, usually astrology, interpretation of omens or dreams, was used to varying degrees by various leaders. Next the leader would seek out possible allies. Alliances in the Three Kingdoms were constantly changing and were to be relied upon only with utmost wariness. Reconnaissance, observation and spying was undertaken by scouts or skirmishers to consider terrain, forces involved, weaponry, morale, and character of opposing commanders. Assessment of the enemy's strength and of one's own, and giving the enemy false impressions, are essential elements in any military preparation.

Next the various commanders would order position taking, deployment and preparation of troops, including the setting of an ambush. Final preparations would then be made, including feeding and hortatory speeches.

Before the battle started there was usually an act of provocation or flouting of the enemy, sometimes to lure the opposing army into making a frenzied and therefore disorganised attack. Sometimes to provoke the enemy into indignation thus would unable to remain cool during a battle, verbal insults were often employed. More commonly, a 'champion', sometimes the commanding general himself, would challenge another on the opposing side to hand-to-hand combat. A decline of the challenge was not honourable but success could inspire morale and sometimes even terrify the enemy into surrendering. If the commander was killed in such a combat and there was no able lieutenant to take charge then the army could crumble.

Above:The use of trumpet horns to inspire advancing champions and sometimes for signal use