"I fish only for edible fish, and hunt only for edible game, even in the laboratory"

--Willis Haviland

 

Carrier

What would you be doing if you were waiting for a train? Possibly not pondering on chemistry and physics problems. However, it was really what happened inside Carrier's mind and later developed the basis for the construction of an air conditioner. It was a damp, foggy night when he was waiting for his train. He was befuddled by the relationship between the temperature and humidity control as mentioned by a Brooklyn printing plant owner, that the "fluctuation in heat and humidity in his plant" had changed the sizes of the printing paper bit by bit. it was when the train arrived, that he was suddenly clicked, and grabbed the idea between temperature humidity and density point. The air conditioner may seem very complex with its numerous combinations of components. Yes in fact it is! Carrier did not succeed by just starting off with nothing. He got his ideas from quite a lot of people: 1838 David B. Reid, who supplied the British House of Commons with a ventilation and air humidifying system; 1844 John Gorrie who provided an air cycling cooling system to cool sickrooms in a hospital in Florida; 1856 Alexander C. Twinning who was the pioneer in starting commercial refrigeration; James Harrison who introduced refrigeration by vapor compression and a modified version by Ferdinand Carrin in 1859.

Carrier gathered all the above people's information and basically came up with the idea of using "centrifugal chiller". He supplemented it with a centrifugal compressor quite the same to the water pump's centrifugal turning blades. It turns out to a better outcome. An air conditioner is more or less a refrigerator without the insulated box. 

 

So how does it really work?

The Basic Idea
An air conditioner is basically a refrigerator without the insulated box. The mechanics of the Freon evaporation cycle are the same in a refrigerator as in an air conditioner. According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary Online, Freon is "used for any of various nonflammable fluorocarbons used as refrigerants and as propellants for aerosols."

 


Diagram of a typical air conditioner

This is basically how an air conditioner works:

  1. The compressor compresses cool Freon gas, causing it to become hot, high-pressure Freon gas (red in the diagram above).
  2. This hot gas runs through a set of coils so it can dissipate its heat, and it condenses into a liquid.
  3. The Freon liquid runs through an expansion valve, and in the process it evaporates to become cold, low-pressure Freon gas (light blue in the diagram above).
  4. This cold gas runs through a set of coils that allow the gas to absorb heat and cool down the air inside the building.

Moreover, it is actually based on a system - the chilled water system.

Chilled-water System
In larger buildings and particularly in multi-story buildings, the split-system approach begins to run into problems. Either running the pipe between the condenser and the air handler exceeds distance limitations (runs that are too long start to cause lubrication difficulties in the compressor), or the amount of duct work and the length of ducts becomes unmanageable. At this point, it is time to think about a chilled-water system.

In a chilled-water system, the entire air conditioner lives on the roof or behind the building. It cools water to between 40 and 45 F (4.4 and 7.2 C). This chilled water is then piped throughout the building and connected to air handlers as needed. There is no practical limit to the length of a chilled-water pipe if it is well-insulated.

 


 

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