The Elements of Design
Line and Shape
There is a mixture of curved and straight lines interacting with each other.
The shapes are mostly geometric, with the chair, desk, and dark paneling in
the background. The organic shapes are mostly contained within the figure
of the lady and the cloth drooping on the table. Vermeer used tonal values
and hue to define the shapes rather than lines.
Texture
Physically, the painting appears smooth. The objects in the painting appear
smooth as well, which is generally true to life. The light reflecting off
her robe gives the impression of a satiny texture. Her skin appears smooth
and unwrinkled, assuring the audience of her relative youth.
Value
The light source is from the extreme left, giving the lighting effect common
in many Baroque paintings. Chiaroscuro is used to create a three-dimensional
effect. Tenebrism and sfumato abound in the painting. There is highlight on
her forehead, her left hand, and on the gold ribbon lying on the desk. There
are shadows everywhere due to the extreme lighting, and umbra is very dominant
in the painting.
Color
Local color is used in this painting. Dull browns are dominant, and the brighter
colors are concentrated on the subject of the portrait, drawing the eye to
the lady. The painting is predominantly warm due to the browns and yellows,
and has heavy tones.
Space
This painting has shallow space due to the wall in the background. The few
linear perspective lines converge on the left of the painting, creating depth,
as does the overlapping of objects. A lot of space is given around the subject
and the table so as not to detract from the focus of the painting.
Principles of Design
Harmony
The similar hues give a sense of unity, but there are no patterns in the surroundings.
The light also unifies the objects in the painting.
Variety
The contrast of lines, shapes, and values create interest. There is some contrast
of texture in the figure’s softness and the harder objects around her.
Balance
This painting is very asymmetrical. It is predominantly negative space, and
there is little balance between light and dark.
Dominance and Center of Interest
The focal point of this painting is obviously the lady, which is highlighted
by her placement the middle of the composition, the brighter hues, and the
lighter values in comparison to the majority of the painting.
Economy
Vermeer does not include many elements in the composition, keeping it very
simple. A limited palette and the dominance of negative space also contribute
to the economy of the painting. There is very little, if any, detail on the
objects surrounding the lady and her desk.
