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Glossary
Annihilation – a process in which particle and its antiparticle collide to disappear and produce energy. Antiparticle – a particle whose electric charge is opposite that of its corresponding particle but shares all other properties. Atom – an unit of matter. consists of a nucleus of protons and neutrons and has electrons on the outside. Atomic Mass – the number of protons and neutrons. Atomic Number – the number of protons. Baryon – a hadron consisting of 3 quarks. Bohr – created the Bohr model Boson – a particle that do not obey Pauli exclusion principle. Bottom – a quark of third generation. Cathode rays – the glow produced by two electrodes in a vacuum tube. CERN - European Laboratory for Particle Physics. located on the French-Swiss border. Chadwick – discoverer of neutron. Charge, color - the property of quarks that determine how they will combine. Charge, electric - the property of matter that determines how electromagnetic force will affect it. Charm – a quark of second generation. Cloud Chamber – an instrument for detecting the path of particles. Cockcroft - the inventor of the accelerator. Cyclotron - accelerator design with a circular particle track. Dalton – came up with the atomic theory. Decay - a process in which a particle breaks down into smaller ones. Democritus – proposed the concept of atoms. Dirac - a physicist who predicted first predicted the existence of antimatter Down - a quark of first generation. very common in nature. Electromagnetic force - one of the four fundamental forces Electron - a lepton of the first generation. Electroweak Theory - theory that unifies electromagnetic Elementary paricle - a particle of the simplest structure. 12 elementary particles, 6 leptons and 6 quarks, are thought to exist. Fermilab - Fermi National Laboratory. it has the most powerful accelerator in the world. Fermion - particles that do not obey Pauli exclusion principle. Feynman – came up with the QED. Feynman diagram is named after him. Feynman diagram - a way of representing force resulting from exchanging guage bosons. Flavor – a kind of a quark or a lepton. Gell-Mann – the creator of the quark model. Generation – a way to classify the quarks and leptons. Glashow – came up with the electroweak theory. Grand unified theory – a theory that would unify all forces in nature. Graviton – the carrier of gravity. Gravity – one of the four fundamental forces. Guage boson – the force-carriers. Hadron – a particle made by combining quarks. Heisenburg’s uncertainty principle – states that it is impossible to know the velocity and position of a particle at the same time. Hertz – proved the particle nature of the cathode rays. Inverse-square relationship – the relationship where the strength of force decreases as distance increases. Lepton – a group of elementary particles. Mass – the amount of matter that is in a body. Meson – a particle made from a quark and an antiquark. Muon – a lepton of the second generation. Neutrino – a lepton without neutral electric charge. Neutron – a baryon that occurs commonly in nature. Nucleon – protons and neutrons. Particle accelerator – a machine used to accelerate particles to find out about their properties. Pauli Exclusion Principle – states that no two particles with same quantum numbers can occupy the same space. Photon – the carrier of electromagnetic force. Plücker – first observed the cathode rays. Positron – the antiparticle of electron. Proton – a baryon that occurs commonly in nature. Quantum chromodynamic theory – explains the strong force in terms of color charges. Quantum electrodynamic theory – explains how electromagnetic force is transmitted via photons. Quark – a group of elementary particles. Rutherford – theorized that the atom must have a positive nucleus. Salam – came up with the electroweak theory. Schwinger – came up with the QED. Shinichiro – came up with the QED. Spin – intrinsic angular momentum. Stanford Linear Accelerator Center – a research center housing a powerful accelerator. Strange – a quark of the second generation. Strong nuclear force – the force that binds the quarks in a hadron. Superforce – a theorized force that would incorporate all forces in nature. Tau – lepton of the third generation. Thompson – the discoverer of electron. Top – the quark of the third generation. Up – a quark of the first generation. Ward – came up with the electroweak theory. Weak nuclear force – the fundamental force that is responsible for particle decay. Weak particle – the carriers of weak force. consists of 2 W particles and a Z particle. Yukawa – theorized that exchange of mesons was responsible for holding the nucleus together. Zweig – created the quark model.
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