Glossary
League of Nations
World War I (1914-1918)- War involving countries from around the world. Fought mainly in Europe. Characterized by trench warfare and war of attrition. For more information on World War I, please visit http://www.pbs.org/greatwar/
Woodrow Wilson (1856-1924)- President of the USA from 1913 to 1921. Lead the USA during World War I. Encouraged the founding of the League of Nations. For more information, please visit: http://www.americanpresident.org/KoTrain/Courses/WW/WW_In_Brief.htm http://gi.grolier.com/presidents/ea/bios/28pwils.html http://library.thinkquest.org/12587/contents/personalities/wwilson/ww.html
Treaty of Versailles- WWI peace treaty. Signed in 1919 by the Allied nations and the defeated Germany. It effectively crippled Germany and also gave birth to the league of Nations. To view the clause of the Treaty of Versailles concerning the League of Nations, visit: http://history.acusd.edu/gen/text/versaillestreaty/ver001.html For more information, please visit: http://encarta.msn.com/find/Concise.asp?ti=03B81000
Allies- Refers to the group of nations which fought against the Central Powers during World War I, and the Axis powers during World War II. The Allies were responsible for the creation of the United Nations during and right after World War II.
Communism- Communism is an extreme left-wing political ideology. Karl Marx was credited with its invention. Communism was first implemented in the USSR after the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution led by Lenin. Communism in the Soviet Union was substantially different from Marxist Communism for it put Communism into more practical terms. After the Second World War, Soviet Communist and Western Capitalist ideologies clashed in what was became known as the Cold War. For more information, please visit: http://encarta.msn.com/find/concise.asp?ti=761572241&sid=1#s1
Benito Mussolini (1883-1945)- Originally a Communist. Angry about Italy’s meagre compensations for having fought with the Allies in World War I. Founded Fascism, which relied on the Italian people’s nationalistic feelings. Wanted to revive the Roman Empire. Aided Franco to take power during the Spanish Civil War. Led Italy into disastrous campaigns in WWII against the Allies. Ended up being killed by his own country men. For more information, please visit: http://encarta.msn.com/find/Concise.asp?z=1&pg=2&ti=761553773
The Spanish Civil War (1936-1939)- Civil war in Spain where the Fascists led by Franco fought against many groups, including the Anarchists, the Communists, the Republicans and the Royalists. Approximately one million people died as a direct result of the war. The League of Nations did not do enough to stop the bloodshed. When Italy and Germany were directly involved in the conflict, the League did too little to stop them. For more information, please visit: http://www.pbs.org/treasuresoftheworld/a_nav/guernica_nav/gnav_level_1/1acivil_war_guerfrm.html http://www.users.dircon.co.uk/~warden/scw/scwindex.htm
Fascism- Ultra-right-wing political ideology created by the Italian dictator, Benito Mussolini, and later adopted by Hitler and Franco. This political ideology is based on ultra-nationalistic feelings, anti-democracy and anti-communism. For more information, please visit: http://encarta.msn.com/find/Concise.asp?z=1&pg=2&ti=761568245
Appeasement- In order to prevent war with Germany, Britain and France followed a policy of Appeasement in the late 1930’s. They tried not to provoke Hitler by letting him do whatever he felt like doing, even if it violated international law. The Treaty of Versailles clearly stated that Germany should not militarize the Rhineland and should not unite with Austria. However, Hitler wanted to unite the German speaking people through his policy of Anschluss, and consequently did unite Austria and Germany. Then, he invaded Czechoslovakia, under the pretext that there were some German speaking people living in a northern region called the Sudetenland. In order not to anger the Fuhrer, the French President, Edouard Daladier, and the British Prime Minister, Neville Chamberlain, essentially sold out Czechoslovakia at the Munich Conference. The policy of Appeasement is thought, by some people, to have been a cause of the breakout of the Second World War. For more information concerning the Munich Pact, please visit: http://encarta.msn.com/find/Concise.asp?z=1&pg=2&ti=761562425&cid=1#p1
Franco (1892-1975)- Franco was the leader of the Fascist forces during the Spanish Revolution. Eventually, he became the leader of Spain. For more information, please visit: http://encarta.msn.com/find/Concise.asp?z=1&pg=2&ti=761572941#s11
Hitler (1889-1945)- Hitler was the Ultra-right-wing Nazi dictator of Germany starting in 1933 and lasting until 1945. He was the creator of a political ideology called Nazism, which calls for ethnic cleansing and which values the Arian race as the supreme being. He was responsible for the Genocide, which killed an estimated six million Jews, as well many Gypsies, Slavs, homosexuals and political opponents. By invading Poland in 1939, he started WWII. For more information, please visit: http://encarta.msn.com/find/Concise.asp?z=1&pg=2&ti=761556540 http://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/riseofhitler/
Winston Churchill (1874-1965)- British Prime Minister from 1940 to 1945, and from 1951 to 1955. He resisted the Axis powers during the Second World War, and greatly effected the war’s outcome in favour of the Allies. He actively took part along with the American President, Roosevelt, and the Soviet leader, Stalin, in the creation of the United Nations. For more information, please visit: http://encarta.msn.com/find/Concise.asp?z=1&pg=2&ti=761556455
Franklin D. Roosevelt (1882-1945)- President of the USA from 1933 to 1945. He is especially well know for getting the United States out of the Great Depression through the implementation of his New Deal, and leading his country through WWII. Roosevelt, along with Joseph Stalin and Winston Churchill, were essentially the fathers of the United Nations. For more information, please visit: http://encarta.msn.com/find/Concise.asp?z=1&pg=2&ti=761562953 http://www.whitehouse.gov/WH/glimpse/presidents/html/fr32.html, http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/
Atlantic Charter- To view the Atlantic Charter, please visit: http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/wwii/atlantic.htm
Declaration by the United Nations- To view the Declaration by the United Nations, please visit: http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/decade/decade03.htm
The Charter of the United Nations- To view the Charter of the United Nations, please visit: http://www.un.org/aboutun/charter/
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