Plantation in USA

          After one century and a half of the founding of the first permanent settlement at Jamestown Virginia. The colonies grew economically and culturally strong as a result  the American and the British interests became diverged.

          In 1754, England entered in a conflict with  the French and the Indians that lasted 7 years. After those years of struggle England wanted a new imperial design that didn't suite to the colonies which  were demanding more and more freedom especially that the emergence of the American citizen's  concept appeared, hens the colons did not consider  themselves English no more. So, colons didn't tolerate the interference of the English parliament with the colonial administration.
The English government starting its reforms within the colonies issued dispositions such as the restriction of the colon's  movements to extend their boundaries toward the Mississippi river although the population there grew up. The most serious factor that animated the colons' rebellion is the empire's new financial policy. Thereafter, they issued several acts such as:
          - the replacement of the Molasses Act in 1733 which placed a tax on the imports of rum and molasses from non-English areas with the sugar Act of 1764 that forbad the importation of foreign rum, put a small duty on molasses from all sources and levied duties on wine, silks, coffee and other luxury items;
          - The instauration of the Stamp Act, this act provided that revenue stamps must be affixed to all pamphlets, broadsides, newspapers, licenses or any other legal documents; These revenues would be used to defend, protect and to secure the colonies;
          -The Townshend Acts  in 1767 ,relative to the name of its author Charles Townshend the British Chancellor of the exchequer that time. It provides the increasing of duties on goods (paper, glass, lead and tea) exported from England to America. The taxes collected would be affected to raise revenue to be used in part to support colonial governors, judges, customs, officers and the British army in America . Consequently, a  lot of agitations occurred  but less violent that those manifested for the Stamp Act. The British government, to maintain order in the colonies, sent its troops. The presence of the British troops in Boston was a standing invitation to disorder. On Marsh 5, 1770 a three Bostonians were killed by the British soldiers, this incident was called " the Boston Massacre".

          -The coercive Acts set by the parliament, the first of them the Boston Port Bill which provided the closure of the Boston Port as a reaction of the destruction of three British boats there, other enactments that prohibited most town meetings held without a prior governmental  consent, the Quartering Acts which disposed to find suitable quarters for British troops even in private homes if necessary etc.

          The colons didn't accept the interference of the British parliament with the colonial government and didn't admit how the English parliament, in which there is no representatives from America, can  pass laws for the colonies, as soon as the colonial (self-governing) legislature had no right to pass laws for England.

Soon after, on April 19, 1775 the first skirmishes began in the village of Lexington , on May 15, 1775 the Continental Congress voted to go to war with the British. Thereafter, the colonial militias were gathered to serve the continental service. On the American forces they appointed as commandant-in-chief Colonel George Washington.
On July 4, 1776 a formal declaration of independence was adopted, it was mainly Thomas Jefferson's work. With this declaration they announced the birth of a new nation. The declaration of independence was based on the philosophy of human freedom according to the Enlightenment Political Philosophy that would become a dynamic force through the world.

Through a series of battles that have been either transformed to defeats or victories the Americans won their independence on October 19, 1781 and this independence was strengthened by the signature of the treaty of Paris on September 3, 1783. 
          Various factors Helped the Americans  to fulfill  independence, the determination of the Americans, and also the intellectual level to which the colonials or some of them reached without the perseverance of men like  Samuel Adams, Benjamin Franklin,  George Washington, Thomas Jefferson and many others The United States of nowadays wouldn't exist. We shouldn't pass without bringing up the help that the French government brought to help the Americans even though they didn't make it to  glorify freedom but to weaken England. So the French government started to send aid to the colonies in May 1776, when it sent 14 ships with war supplies to America, and on February 6, 1778, signed a Treaty of Amity and Commerce in which France recognized America and offered it trade concessions. And in July 1780 France's Louis XVI sent to America an expedition force of 6.000 men under the Compte Jean de Rochamveau.

          After the success of the revolution and on the invitation of  the Continental Congress each colony began to reconstruct its government, to state a new constitution  based on the democratic  ideas of the declaration of independence, each constitution began with a bill of rights.
Most of the new colonies' bills of rights declared principles such as popular sovereignty, rotation             in Office, freedom of elections, and an enumeration of fundamental liberties like moderate bail and humane punishment, freedom of the press and of conscience and the right the majority to reform or alter the government. Moreover, all constitutions paid allegation to the the three-branch structure of government -executive, legislative and judiciary- each checked and balanced by the others. However, state constitutions had some lack they didn't guarantee  to all the people their most fundamental natural rights which is equality. As an example, Pennsylvania excluded their slave population from their inalienable rights as human beings.  As well as women did not have the right to vote.

In 1781 all the stated ratified the Articles of Confederation, but according to these articles the confederation established between the colonies lacked authority to set up tariffs when necessary, to organize commerce and to levy taxes. Soon after every colony begun to move on its own way by designing their own policies without taking into consideration the other colonies'  actions. Therefore, Many economic problems raised.

To remedy  to all these problems, in May 1787 at the Federal Convention in the Philadelphia state house, delegates from all the states, except the Rhode Island,  gathered. Between them there were George Washington from Virginia who was regarded as the country's outstanding citizen, James Madison who is recognized today as the father of the constitution of the U S A ;  governor Morris, Benjamin Franklin  and James Wilson from Pennsylvania; Rufus King and Elbridge Gerry from Massachusetts; Roger Sherman from Connecticut; Alexander Hamilton from New York who has proposed the meeting. Tow important men were absent from the convention Thomas Jefferson who was serving in France as a minister and John Adams in the same capacity in Great Britain.  these men proceeded to set aside the Articles of Confederation and to build a new form of government.

All delegates agreed that the new central government must have real supreme power. the federal government is  authorized to regulate commerce, to fix weight & measures, to grant patents & copyrights, to coin money, to raise & maintain an army & a navy to declare war and to make peace...
The federal government consists of three equal and coordinate branches legislative, executive and judicial. The three powers were to be  so harmoniously balanced that no one could  ever gain control. To set equality between the states,  delegates agreed that the legislative branch should consist of tow houses  the House of Representatives and the Senate,  so members of the House of Congress ( House of Representatives) are elected proportionally  to the population of the state and elected members' number  for the Senate is the same for all the states.
On September 17, 1787 after 16 weeks of deliberation the finished Constitution was signed. But it took tow more years to ratify the said constitution after ratifying 10 other amendments known as the Bill of Rights which protects individual rights. Since the adoption of the Bill of Rights  only 16 more amendments have been added.
As a conclusion, the  constitution was drafted to promote individual liberty and public virtue and to act as a permanent framework that will serve the American nation through the future as the founding fathers  wanted it to be.

          on April 30, 1789 George Washington was elected unanimously the first president of the united states. Thereafter the U S A set itself on the road of political, economic and social development.
Soon the Congress created the  departments of state and treasury, a Supreme  Court  with one chief justice and five associate justices, three circuit courts and 13 district courts. Moreover, a secretary of war and an attorney general were also appointed.

       At that time immigration to the United States of America was growing steadily and the westward expansion was on its way bringing new fertile lands. Therefore, Policies of settlement were set to organize this expansion. In addition, admission of new states such as the Vermont in 1791, Kentucky in 1792,Tenesse in 1796. 
      The industrial revolution was advancing especially the textile industry in New England and the Massachusetts.
Two big parties have been existed in America since that time the Federalists and the Antifederalists (Republicans), the former is for a strong central government the latter is for a decentralized agrarian republic.
Since the mandate of George Washington the U S A had set up a foreign policy that was based on a non permanent alliance with any portion of the foreign  world. Therefore, the U S A abrogated the treaty of alliance of 1778 to not to see itself implicated in a war with the European powers beside France, for the United Stated of that time was  a growing country that have to recover from the recent wars it have done.
In 1803 under the Thomas  Jefferson's mandate, the U S A purchased   the Louisiana from the Napoleonic France for the sum of $15 Million, that act doubled the area of the country.
In 1812, during Madison's mandate,  the U S A declared war to the Great Britain to stop the oppression of the American ships by the British navy. During this war the  British Army burned the House of the Federal government. The struggle lasted 2 years and ended with the signature of a treaty of peace called the Treaty of Ghent  in December 1814.
There was a great rupture in American society of that time and it concerns the expansion of slavery in the southern states working in the great plantations of wheat and cotton.