Measures Taken

Effects

Reduce emissions from industries

• Ban on high sulphur fuels since 1990

• SO₂ concentrations fell by up to 80% in industrial areas. Combined with reduction in industrial activity, total industrial SO₂ emissions fell from 46616 tonnes in 1989 ( before the ban) to 16688 tonnes in 1997

• Licensing control of major polluting sources since 1987

• Overall, up to 55% of the emissions from industries have been reduced from 1987 to 1997

Reduced emissions from power generation

• Natural gas for power generation and coal units built after 1991 installed with flue gas desulphurisation system

• SO₂ emissions fell from 131600 tonnes in 1991 to 52695 tonnes in 1997

• Units built after 1991 fitted with latest low-NOx technology and old units retrofitted with low-NOx burners

• NOx emissions fell from 149200 tonnes in 1991 to 55723 tonnes in 1997
• Also helps reduce ozone formation

Reduced dust emissions from construction activities

• Construction dust regulation introduced in 1997

• Dust emitted from individual construction activities reduced by up to 80%

Reduce emissions from petrol vehicles

• Unleaded petrol phrased in since 1991. Complete ban on leaded petrol since 1 April 1999

• No leaded petrol. Virtually eliminates lead emissions from vehicles

• 3-way catalytic converters and trade in incentives for old private cars

• More then 75% of petrol vehicles now have catalytic converters.
• For vehicles complying with new standards:

- NOx and hydrocarbons reduced by 90%

- Carbon monoxide reduced by 90%

• New vehicles to install controls on evaporative emissions which is planned to take effect in July 1999

• Reduced 90% of VOC emissions from individual vehicles

Reduced emissions from diesel fleet

• Fuel sulphur standards:

- pre-1995: 0.5%

- 1995: 0.2%

- 1997: 0.05%

• SO₂ from individual vehicles reduced by 90%

• Engine standards:

- Europe I standards adopted in 1995

- Europe II standards adopted by stages since 1997

• For vehicles complying with latest standards:

- RSP reduced by 80%

- NOx reduced by 20%

• Inspection and enforcement programme

- smoky vehicle control programme in place since 1988

- step up smoke testing procedures for annual roadworthiness inspection since late 1997

- Police using portable smoke meters for enforcement against smoky vehicle from early 1999

• Smoky vehicle reports reduced by 30% from 1993 to 1998

• Stringent standards for diesel private cars introduced in 1998

• No new diesel private cars have been registered

• All new taxis to use LPG starting end 2000

• Will eliminate RSP emission from individual diesel taxis and reduce overall RSP emission from vehicle fleet by up to 30%

Reduce Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) emissions

• Oil depots installed floating roof oil tanks since 1993

• VOC emissions from oil depots reduced by over 90%

• Vapour recovery system at petrol filing stations since April 1999

• VOC emissions from petrol filing stations reduced by over 30%

Reduced emissions from motorcycles

• All new motorcycles to meet stringent emission standards planned for October 1999

• Reduced 50% of VOC emissions from individual motorcycles