Section 5: Visitor Survey From carbon to hydrogen energy

Visitor Comments

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Entry number 1  Name David Bloomfield   Email Address tnt@daisanalytic.com   School (if applicable)   Country   Age Range No age selected   Sex Male   Platform & language Mozilla/4.7 [en] (WinNT; I)   IP Address 192.168.0.103   DNS   Date Sat Aug 19 13:02:08 EDT 2000   Comments Dear Michelle: First let me say that the site is excellent. You have put a lot of time into this project. But, step back for a moment and consider where did the hydrogen come from that was used to make the hydrides, the methanol, the ammonia and all the other alternative hydrogen fuels. Most of it comes from hydrocarbons such as natural gas, kerosene, diesel fuel etc. How much of the original energy that was in the fuel gets into the hydrogen fuel - maybe 50 That means that if a car runs on hydrogen that was made from natural gas, twice as much hydrocarbon fuel was used to drive the car. The net effect is that twice as much carbon dioxide gets into the environment. If you make the hydrogen by electrolyzing water by using solar power, wind power, or nuclear power then no carbon is involved. One of the problems with hydrogen is that it has a low energy density. One cubic foot of hydrogen contains about 90 watt hours of energy, a cubic foot of natural gas contains about 300 watt hours. If we wanted to replace all the natural gas pipelines with hydrogen pipelines and transport the same amount of energy, we would have to increase the pipe diameter by about 1.5 times - that's for all the gas pipes in America. Gasoline contains about 2,600 times as much energy as hydrogen in a given volume. A gasoline fuel cell power plant (if you could fit it in a car) might have an efficiency of 30 An automobile engine has an efficiency of about 26 There is not much of an advantage for automobiles running on gasoline. I think that the Honda Insight, which is a hybrid gasoline enginebattery power system gets very high gas mileage and has very low emissions. I have been in the fuel cell development business for about 35 years. My company is developing fuel cell power plants that run efficiently on natural gas. It is very encouraging for me to see people like yourself interested in the environment and trying to solve America's energy problems. Keep up the good work. Remember though - when it sounds to good to be true, it usually is. Best regards Dave

Entry number 2  Name Don Gervasio   Email Address a275ab@email.mot.com   School (if applicable)   Country USA   Age Range No age selected   Sex No sex selected   Platform & language Mozilla/4.06 [en]C-CCK-MCD (WinNT; I)   IP Address 192.168.0.102   DNS   Date Sat Aug 19 19:51:40 EDT 2000   Comments Michelle I'd be glad to share my opinions about fuel cells and a hydrogen economy. I believe keeping our environment clean is an important issue. Although a hydrogen economy instead of a carbon economy could help, presently using hydrogen fuel alone is difficult if not impossible. Efficient use of fuel is a key to advancing technology and safeguarding our environment. Using fuel cells instead of internal combustion engines is 3 to 5 times more efficient for providing useful work from fuel. In simple terms, from the same amount of fuel you can get about 3 to 5 times more useful work while using a fuel cell instead of a heat engine. For the same amount of fuel, you can get 5 times more electricity by using a fuel cell instead of burning the fuel in a mechanical electrical portable generator. Fuel cells have the promise of providing more energy, pound for pound, than the best batteries, too. Since batteries often produce electricity using toxic chemicals, fuel cells offer the possibility of cleaner as well as more energy than batteries. Fuel cells can run directly on hydrogen, but hydrogen storage is a difficult challenge. Storing hydrogen can be cumbersome and dangerous. Fuel cells can also extract hydrogen from hydrocarbons, like methanol, either directly by the fuel cell electrode, or by reforming the methanol into hydrogen and carbon-dioxide (reformate), then using the hydrogen in the reformate at the fuel cell electrodes. There is a pressing need to bring clean energy to people all over the world, for remote radios, telephones, irrigation pumps, as well as for extended life laptop computers, clean electric cars and scooters and other electrical devicess. Using methanol appears to offer the easiest route for bringing the advantages of fuel cells all over the world as we technologists endeavor to make this world a better place. Please feel free to follow up if you have any further questions or comments. Sincerely Don Gervasio Scientist Technical Staff Motorola Labs Tempe, AZ

Entry number 3  Name Dr. S. Fred Singer   Email Address singer@sepp.org   School (if applicable)   Country   Age Range No age selected   Sex Male   Platform & language Mozilla/4.7 [en] (WinNT; I)   IP Address 192.168.0.103   DNS   Date Sun Aug 20 14:26:24 EDT 2000   Comments Dear Michelle: Hydrogen is a wonderful fuel and very clean. But it has three disadvantages: 1.Since it is a gas, it its difficult and expensive to store --either under high pressure or as a cryogenic liquid. 2. We would have to build a new infrastructure for distribution 3. It must be manufactured, either from fossil fuels or by decomposing water with electricity. In either case, we lose energy efficiency and incur costs. SFS

Entry number 4  Name Lino Naranjo   Email Address naranjod@met.inf.cu   School (if applicable)   Country Cuba   Age Range 36-56   Sex Male   Platform & language Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 4.01; Windows 98)   IP Address 192.168.0.102   DNS   Date Mon Aug 21 09:22:16 EDT 2000   Comments Global Climate Change (that is not the same as Global Warming) is not a myth. Although it is very dificult to estimate, international community is awared that there are dicernible impacts of human activity over our current Climate. Human society with pollution, deforestation and others agression to nature is changing the composition of the atmosphere. I think, that regardeless other energetic sources the main concept is RESPONSABILITY. Every use of any energetic source of the Planet have to be designed in order to reach a sustained developed to everybody, to every country. Expoliation of rich countries to poor countries have to be finished. The true is that high living standard and comsuption of developed countries are supported over the poverty of many people in America, Asia or Africa. Why we desforest the jungle in Brazil and protect Sequoias in California@@

Entry number 5  Name t. j. phelps   Email Address   School (if applicable)   Country usa   Age Range 36-56   Sex Male   Platform & language Mozilla/4.61 [en] (Win98; U)   IP Address 192.168.0.103   DNS   Date Mon Aug 21 11:23:29 EDT 2000   Comments I enjoyed reading your site. your comments are and concerns are on target. with respect to extremophiles and thermophiles making hydrogen; yes theyt do. The hydrogen economy is not economical until the price of oil increses. When you consider the power versus the cost of electron density, fossil fules are such a bargain. Only with stiff taxation on energy and more strict koyoto-type agreements will things change. Besides a hydrogen economy there will also be bio-feedstocks, biofules, biodiesel, and methane fule sources. You are at the cutting edge of new views of fules. do not limit yourself to merely hydrogen; ratehr renewable sources of dense electron fule supplies of many types and sizes thsat will lessen the needs of smoke stack emissions. Best of luck. TJPhelps

Entry number 6  Name Jae-Kyung Kim   Email Address kimyjj3@hananet.net   School (if applicable) Han-Young high school   Country Korea   Age Range 15 - 18   Sex Male   Platform & language Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 5.5; Windows NT 4.0)   IP Address 192.168.0.102   DNS   Date Mon Aug 21 11:48:19 EDT 2000   Comments Hello! My name is Jae-Kyung Kim Nice to meet you... I am Korean.... and I am also TQ2000 a participant. I am very poor at English.. Please understand me... __ I was saw your site.... I think .. you have a good site.... Could you please visit my team site@ my team site is http:library.thinkquest.orgC005811 If you visit my team site Please write Guest book....__ Thank you..

Entry number 7  Name Jane Holtz Kay (author of Asphalt Nation)   Email Address JHoltzKay@aol.com   School (if applicable) NA   Country United States of America   Age Range No age selected   Sex Female   Platform & language Mozilla/4.7 [en] (WinNT; I)   IP Address 192.168.0.102   DNS   Date Mon Aug 21 12:56:13 EDT 2000   Comments I just cruised your site a bit. it's very ambitious and attractive. I'd like the sections fuller. I'm not equipped to criticize the science but in terms of the policy section, I think you have to go beyond proving global warming. I myself am writing an article for the Boston Globe now on whetherhow Massachusetts is working to stop it; as I recall l8 or so states have signed on to meeting the Kyoto protocol and many people are working to get it thru congress (clinton approved it). There's material out there saying unless we cut down vast numbers of emissions we are in trouble...all that is policy... not just proving to the fewer and fewer naysayers that there is warming. One book is John Berger's quite accesible Bearing the Heath; another is THe HEat Is On. My own Asphalt Nation, finished five years ago, has some notes; or for more on the car's contribution you might see my website story on the subject (www.janeholtzkay.com), as well as other transportation ones. Feel free to quote from it (by the way, you're not plagiarizing, as your site puts it, if you say you're quoting; if the quote is long (I'm not sure how many words), you should ask the personinstitution. As for me, anything you want to use, just credit the article. I'm not sure where you all are at work but I'm speaking in Boston (my home), Chicago

Entry number 8  Name Dr. Bruce P. Hayden, PhD - Professor, University of Virginia   Email Address bph@virginia.edu   School (if applicable) College professor at University of Virginia USA   Country United States of America   Age Range No age selected   Sex Male   Platform & language Mozilla/4.7 [en] (WinNT; I)   IP Address 192.168.0.102   DNS   Date Mon Aug 21 19:38:02 EDT 2000   Comments Hellow Michelle I expect that we will eventually switch to a hydrogen based economy. The process of democratizing hydrogen technology will be a slow one, however. Carbon will be in our life for decades to come. I did note that you say that carbon dioxide is increasing while oxygen is going down. I do not find evidence that oxygen is going down. There were some scare stories about oxygen depletion about two decades ago but it floundered on lack of evidence. Global warming and marine biodiversity is a very difficult topic to comment on. The evidence of warmer oceans is marginal at the present time. At the same time the evidence of increased cloudiness is substantial. Such an incrase in cloudiness is very important. It would have an impact on marine productivity as well as on cooling the oceans. To date we do not know if the increase in cloudiness is due to increases in CO2 or not. The increase in cloudiness has been recorded over most of this century and so may well be an independent climate change. While I have a book chapter on the subject of global warming and marine biodiversity, it was speculative in nature as there is very little data make stronger statements. Good luck with your web page. If you get to Charlottesville stop by and say hellow. Bruce P. Hayden, Department of Environmental Sciences, Univeristy of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, 804-924-0545 (O), 804-982-2137 (Fax), 804-924-7761 (Dept.), bph@virginia.edu, bhayden@lternet.edu.

Entry number 9  Name C. Aaron Lai, Climate Studies Team Leader   Email Address cal@vega.lanl.gov   School (if applicable) Scientist at Los Alamos National Laboratory, USA   Country United States of America   Age Range No age selected   Sex Male   Platform & language Mozilla/4.7 [en] (WinNT; I)   IP Address 192.168.0.102   DNS   Date Mon Aug 21 19:50:20 EDT 2000   Comments Dear Samantha, Michelle and Floyd: I am quite impressed with your website for the ThinkQuest competition. I spent an hour quickly scanning over the materials. I can't spend more time today, but, I will go back to visit your webpage sometime this week. Here are a few suggestions: 1. The "black" background looks a little depressed for your subject. A "white" or "light blue" background with "black", "green" and "red" words may look better. 2. The "<--" and "--?" arrows sometimes work, sometimes don't. When I clicked the "<--", I could move backward from Section 2 to Section 1. But, the "--?" arrow won't let me move from Section 1 to Section 2. The "<--" arrow sometimes works strangely. I once got back to Section 4 from Section6. 3. The "sections" column on the left side sometimes works strangely. When I clicked "6. Terms", it gave me "Section 4". The titles of Sections don't always match those shown in "Sections" column. 4. You may want to unify the designs for the atmos C, H, O, etc. All electrons can be shown with the same color, same size. The same can be applied to protons, nuclei. 5. The "yellow" letters in the bottons in Section 6 don't show well with gray-silver color. The scientific context needs several people to review. I will review some sections in the areas related to my fields, if your deadline is not this week. VERY GOOD WORK!!! Is anyone of you going to pursue a research career in this subject@ Cheers, C. Aaron Lai, Climate Studies Team Leader, Los Alamos National Lab.

Entry number 10  Name Benjamin D Santer, Atmospheric scientist   Email Address santer1@llnl.gov   School (if applicable) Physicist at the Lawrence Livermore Lab   Country United States of America   Age Range No age selected   Sex Male   Platform & language Mozilla/4.7 [en] (WinNT; I)   IP Address 192.168.0.103   DNS   Date Mon Aug 21 20:08:16 EDT 2000   Comments Dear Michelle, Thank you very much for pointing me to your web site. I was the Convening Lead Author for Chapter 8 of the 1995 Working Group I portion of the IPCC Second Assessment Report. This was the chapter dealing with "Detection of Climate Change, and Attribution of Causes". Our bottom-line conclusion in this chapter was that "the balance of evidence suggests a discernible human influence on global climate". I was one of the dozens of scientists whose research contributed to this conclusion. Much of my research over the past 14 years has been directed towards improving our scientific understanding of the nature and causes of climate change. Imagine my surprise when I read the following passage in your web site: "The independent public policy research organization, The Heartland Institute, based in Chicago, Illinois, alleges that the IPCC did not prove the link, presenting the views of two noted scientists: Dr. Frederick Seitz, president emeritus of Rockefeller University and past president of the National Academy of Sciences. Dr. Seitz feels that the IPCC report was not properly peer-reviewed. Dr. Benjamin Santer, who says that existing circulation models (see topic presented above) can explain the global warming as being "natural." " The Heartland Institute has completely misrepresented my views on climate change. Much of my research over the past 14 years has shown that purely natural causes CANNOT explain observational records of atmospheric temperature changes. Readers of your web site will reach the erroneous conclusion that: 1) I dispute the existence of human effects on global climate; and 2) I am agreement with Dr. Frederick Seitz. This is of great concern to me. I have absolutely no desire to be affilated with the views of Dr. Seitz, who has no expertise in the area of climate change. Nor do I wish to be mistakenly identified as a climate-change skeptic. I'd be very grateful if you would clarify this section of your web site. The Heartland Institute is clearly not an authoritative source of information on climate change. With best regards, Benjamin D. Santer, Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Mail Stop L-264, Livermore, CA 94550, U.S.A., Tel: (925) 422-7638, FAX: (925) 422-7675, email: santer1@llnl.gov

Entry number 11  Name Jim Hardin   Email Address jhardin@freedompage.ws   School (if applicable)   Country USA   Age Range Over 56   Sex Male   Platform & language Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 5.0; Windows 95; DigExt)   IP Address 192.168.0.103   DNS   Date Mon Aug 21 20:32:29 EDT 2000   Comments Very well researched. As your research shows, actual measurements of the earth's temperture over the last ten years have proven the "models" to be flawed attempts at establishing an agenda for wealth re-distribution, amoung other goals. Interestly, I recently watched (for amusement) an early 70's program where "scientist" were warning everyone about the coming "ice age". They foretold, that because of carbon combustion, the earth's outer crust would cool, resulting not only in an ice age, but that the earth's core would cool and cause the earth to "wobble" creating all kinds of natural disasters. Also, that the earth's crust would become "brittle" and cause the earth to break apart. Then, they discovered that the earth was going into a cycle of slight warming. So, we have heard nothing but global warming since then. Real scientist predict, if history holds true, that we will start back into a slight cooling cycle by 2005. By the way, you have not heard much about the vanishing ozone in the last few years, have you@ That's because real science has already shown that ozone also runs in cycles, with our plantet now having more ozone than in the early 90's. So, keep up the good work and research. Your project has more merit than all of the B.S. (Bad Science) that I've seen published in the main stream media.

Entry number 12  Name Team C005858 (Samantha,Floyd   Email Address lle)   School (if applicable) 005858@thinkquest.org   Country arious schools (See overview section)   Age Range try=United States of America   Sex 15 - 18   Platform & language Mozilla/4.7 [en] (WinNT; I)   IP Address 192.168.0.103   DNS   Date Mon Aug 21 20:38:17 EDT 2000   Comments ex selected

Entry number 13  Name Team C005858   Email Address C005858@thinkquest.org   School (if applicable)   Country United States of America   Age Range 15 - 18   Sex No sex selected   Platform & language Mozilla/4.7 [en] (WinNT; I)   IP Address 192.168.0.103   DNS   Date Mon Aug 21 20:40:47 EDT 2000   Comments Thank you so much, Dr. Benjamin Santer, in comment 10 for your comment. Because of security, the Thinkquest process does not lend itself well to the referee and peer review process. One of the great advantages of a discussion forum is to hear from all points of view. You were a very important part of history. Most will not realize the significance of your work until years later when it is recorded in the history books. Your comment helps students to come to a better understanding of the truth of this history. One of the purposes of this site is to capture some of this history and to give students a behind the stage view from the major players' perspective. We wish we could capture the history of the Kyoto negotiation from the State Department, especially from Melinda L. Kimble, praised for her skills and honored professionally for her abilities. She wasn't even listed on the list of participants! But alas, we cannot get the email addresses of anyone in that department. Secretary of State Bryan had a process of arbitration before declaring war. So the U.S. has had a history of acting in the interest of all in global matters of importance. Bryan resigned as Wilson moved the U.S. towards WWI. We students would love to have been a fly on the wall listening to the team talking about the issues in Kyoto in 1997. Maybe PBS can do a documentary about it soon. We daemoned out on Dr. Santer's email, but he's been so active in conferences and in his field, that we finally got a good one! We can't thank him enough for taking the time to comment. He is a very busy man in a very responsible position. We thank all who comment - we realize it takes time, but we students appreciate it, more than you know.

Entry number 14  Name Paul N. Edwards   Email Address   School (if applicable) School of Information, University of Michigan   Country USA   Age Range 36-56   Sex Male   Platform & language Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 5.0; Mac_PowerPC)   IP Address 192.168.0.102   DNS   Date Wed Aug 23 16:05:38 EDT 2000   Comments Converting from carbon to hydrogen fuels makes excellent sense from the point of view of greenhouse warming theory. ANY alternative that reduces emissions of carbon dioxide is good (other than nuclear power, which I regard as an insane solution chiefly because the long-term radioactive waste transport and disposal problem is not solveable). The chief problem with major conversions of energy sources is that while we have been learning about how to reduce environmental contamination from carbon-based fuel sources for several decades, we know very little about the possible, as yet unknown, environmental (and other) problems that may be associated with new fuels such as hydrogen. For example, many forms of hydrogen are highly explosive, and many new energy technologies rely on toxic heavy metals as catalysts. While the world will eventually be forced to seek new energy sources, it makes sense to do this cautiously, and perhaps more slowly than we would like, in order to avoid repeating the mistakes of the past.

Entry number 15  Name   Email Address   School (if applicable) University of Wisconsin-Madison   Country USA   Age Range No age selected   Sex No sex selected   Platform & language Mozilla/4.72 [en] (Win98; I)   IP Address 192.168.0.103   DNS   Date Wed Aug 23 19:19:32 EDT 2000   Comments I was impressed with the efforts to get people to think about these major energy and environmental issues. I was not aware of the emerging developments for the hydrogen power base or of the switch of some elements in the corporate sector to look ahead. I am encouraged that the newer generations are willing to step forward now.

Entry number 16  Name From Dr. Matthew Hecht   Email Address hecht@ncar.ucar.edu   School (if applicable) Climate and Global Dynamics Division   Country United States of America   Age Range No age selected   Sex Male   Platform & language Mozilla/4.7 [en] (WinNT; I)   IP Address 192.168.0.103   DNS   Date Thu Aug 24 18:04:18 EDT 2000   Comments Team C005858 hates to have to post this comment out on the site, but believes that ethics dictates that accuracy of information is more important than winning a contest. While the team members have had physics and chemistry, we thought we could baseline this topic to a 6th grade level. Because of our inexperience, we still lack the ability to present that sort of content in simplistic terms. We had hoped to just present enough to enable a discussion of the issues and to present critical thinking issues and a history capture portal to archive the history and interesting stories behind the Kyoto protocol and the development of the hydrogen technology. Enclosed in the comment immediately below are the errors and corrections to our page, which according to the rules will disqualify this entry from further competition this year.

Entry number 17  Name Dr. Matthew Hecht   Email Address hecht@ncar.ucar.edu   School (if applicable) Climate and Global Dynamics Division   Country United States of America   Age Range No age selected   Sex Male   Platform & language Mozilla/4.7 [en] (WinNT; I)   IP Address 192.168.0.102   DNS   Date Thu Aug 24 18:08:37 EDT 2000   Comments Posted by team C005858, as promised above from an email received. ----------------------------------- Michelle, let me make some comments directly to you, and pose some questions, having looked at parts of your web site. I think that you're not quite getting how the greenhouse effect works. Climate is enormously complex, but a greenhouse is not too complicated, nor is the atmospheric greenhouse effect. Greenhouses (the kind in which plants are grown) are heated by sunlight, as you know. Glass is nearly transparent to visible light. You know that there's some reflection of light from glass---the glare that you see if you're at just the right angle---and it also absorbs a little bit of the light, warming the glass itself, but most of the sunlight passes through the glass. Lets imagine that inside that greenhouse we have not plants and dirt and other stuff that would be inside most greenhouses, but big, black barrels full of water. The black barrels will absorb the sunlight, and this will heat up the barrels and the water inside. Why doesn't the water in the barrels heat up more and more, forever@ After all, the barrels absorb sunlight each and every day, taking in more heat. But the barrels are losing heat through other processes. One of these processes is through it's own radiation (known as black-body radiation). Warm things radiate energy (even if they're not painted black). In fact, that's why we feel warmth from the sun---it is "glowing hot". In lay-terms, we mean visibly glowing, or in this case "white-hot", by glowing hot, but all warm things glow. If they're substantially cooler than the sun then the electromagnetic radiation they emit is primarily at longer wavelengths which our eyes can't see, so we don't see it glowing (we may still be able to feel it glowing). (Incidentally, scientist observed the particular way in which warm object glow before they understood the underlying science. This understanding required the revolution of quantum mechanics.) A barrel of warm water will radiate in the infrared (let me call it IR, for InfraRed, as people often do) portion of the electromagnetic spectrum (meaning that the "light" is of longer wavelength than that of red light, which is itself the longest wavelength that we can see with our eyes). While glass is largely transparent to sunlight (visible light), it is largely opaque to IR. The sunlight gets into the greenhouse. The IR doesn't get out. Part of it is absorbed by the glass, warming the glass itself, and part of it is reflected back into the greenhouse, which warms the barrels of water a little bit more. Did I say that warm things radiate@ Warm the glass more and it radiates more. 12 of the radation that the warm glass emits points out, towards the sky, and this warm energy is lost. The other 12 is directed back in towards the interior (towards the barrels of water), keeping the barrels warmer than they would otherwise be. And this is how the atmospheric greenhouse effect works. The greenhouse gases (particularly water vapor and CO2) take the place of the glass---sunlight mostly gets in, but these molecules tend to absorb the outgoing IR radation, re-emitting something like 12 of that radation back down towards the land, plants and oceans. If you've had some physics and chemistry, you may have learned a little about the science underlying this, and some of it is probably still ahead of you. There's a lot of interesting science in the subject of global warming---and a lot of economics and political science in our response! A few other notes: o You might double check the lifetimes of CFC's (chloroflurocarbons) in the atmosphere. Also, they wouldn't have been discussed by Fourier because they are a more recent invention of 20th century chemists. o You might want to be careful to note that water vapor is responsible for a great deal (I don't know offhand if 60s the right number, but I do know it's a large fraction) of the *natural* greenhouse effect. What people worry about know is the unnatural additional greenhouse effect. It is a fact that adding CO2 to the atmosphere will increase the effectiveness of the "greenhouse" that our atmosphere, to some extent, is, as Arhenius understood. What is not as clear is how the rest of our complicated planet is responding to that one change in the composition of the atmosphere. There is a good deal of evidence suggesting that the greenhouse effect of CO2 is amplified, principally by an increase in water vapor (make the planet a little warmer by putting more CO2 into the atmosphere, and it responds by evaporating more water into the atmosphere, which is itself a powerful greenhouse gas). At this point the problem gets to be more complicated than our simple model of a greenhouse with glass and barrels of water inside. o I think you mean to say that CO2 is 0.3f the atmosphere, not 0.030D o Do you mean to say that the net warming effect of CFC's is greater than that of CO2, or that it's a more effective greenhouse gas on a per-molecule basis@ o The melting of polar ice itself is not what threatens to raise sea level. Just as the water level in a glass stays steady as the ice within it melts, the oceans are already supporting the weight of the sea ice. What then does threaten to raise sea level@ (The New York Times just reported, last week, that the north pole was for the first time seen by visitors to be ice-free). Feel free to write back in response, though I won't send such a long reply next time! Yours, --Matthew Hecht; Dr. Matthew Hecht, e-mail: hecht@ncar.ucar.edu Oceanography Section, Climate and Global Dynamics Division, National Center for Atmospheric Research, PO Box 3000, phone: (303) 497-1714, Boulder, CO 80307-3000, fax: (303) 497-1700 ---------- http:www.cgd.ucar.eduocehechthecht.html -----------

Entry number 18  Name Tom Kent   Email Address h2man@warsitz.com   School (if applicable)   Country USA   Age Range 36-56   Sex Male   Platform & language Mozilla/4.7 [en] (Win98; U)   IP Address 192.168.0.103   DNS   Date Fri Aug 25 02:59:21 EDT 2000   Comments Michelle, This is an outstanding site, with plenty of information.(I certainly learned something) As a representive of the fuel cell industry, I would have to say we feel it is imperative to move to a Hydrogen based economy. This is certainly necessary to replace a dwindling fossil fuel reserve, and probably necessary to decrease the CO2 emissions. Best guess for running out of fossil fuel is this century (probably within 20 years - earlier or later depending on who you believe) - at any rate, we have to find another option, and Hydrogen is currently the most viable. It is 100enewable, non-polluting, and releases no CO2. Storage and usage are techical details we are working out, but not impossibilites. We feel that education is a primary place to start change public awareness, and that has been our major efforts to date. Distribution worldwide is the only real solution for the long term, as we should actively collaborate to get Hydrogen systems cost effective. Keep up the good work! Tom Kent VP Marketing Warsitz Enterprises Inc. www.warsitz.com

Entry number 19  Name Myron Berger   Email Address MyronBerger@noaa.gov   School (if applicable) NOAA scientist   Country United States of America   Age Range No age selected   Sex Male   Platform & language Mozilla/4.7 [en] (WinNT; I)   IP Address 192.168.0.102   DNS   Date Fri Aug 25 12:41:49 EDT 2000   Comments You have a fine job with your web site. In regard to your question about how global warming may affect variability and severity of the weather patterns, that is a very complicated issue. Nobody knows for sure, but research has suggested that climate belts may shift, with wet areas becoming more dry (and vice versa), and areas not prone to many severe storms becoming more so (and vice versa). Whether this adds up to a overall global increase in severe weather and weather variability is unknown. Some have hypothesized there may by more tropical storms, but this is not certain either. I suggest you check the the following for more detailed information: http:www.noaa.govclimate.html. Also, a short while back, PBS ran a very good "FRONTLINE" show on "what's up with the weather." For more information on this show, go to: http:www.pbs.orgwgbhwarming. Ron Berger

Entry number 20  Name Romesh Kumar - distinguished scientist   Email Address kumar@cmt.anl.gov   School (if applicable) Argonne National Laboratory   Country United States of America   Age Range No age selected   Sex Male   Platform & language Mozilla/4.7 [en] (WinNT; I)   IP Address 192.168.0.102   DNS   Date Fri Aug 25 12:50:36 EDT 2000   Comments I would like to offer the following comments, from my personal perspective, on the hydrogen economy and its ramifications. The main one is that is not quite correct to say that we will be switching from a fossil fuel economy to a hydrogen economy. The primary source of energy will not be hydrogen - the hydrogen will have to be generated using some other form of energy, perhaps all traceable back to solar energy (or some, perhaps, to geo-thermal or nuclear energy). The sources of hydrogen on the Web site you had given confirm that. Currently, nearly 95f merchant hydrogen is manufactured from natural gas, which is a fossil fuel. The major issues with solar energy (and biomass, hydro-power, wind energy, microorganism-based processes, etc., are manifestations of solar energy) are: (1) it is diffuse, leading to high collection complexity and cost; (2) its distribution is not well aligned with where it is needed (the desert areas of the world tend to receive it the most, but the people live elsewhere, for example); (3) it is diurnal (and highly variable) in amount receiveddelivered at any given location, which means that energy storage on a large scale would be needed (fossil fuels are, in a very real sense, stored solar energy, via biomass growth and subsequent sub-surface coalification, gasification, and liquefaction). On the other hand, electricity is also not a primary energy source as it must be produced from some other source of energy (fossil, geothermal, wind, hydro, nuclear, etc.). But electricity, as an energy carrier, offers myriad benefits. Similarly, hydrogen may be able to offer very significant benefits in the future. The "switch", however, would have to be from fossil fuels to something else, not hydrogen per se. For example, it would not be quite correct to say that we switched from firewood and lamp-oil to electricity as our source of energy, although the latter is much cleaner and more convenient for everyday use. I hope these comments are helpful to you. Good luck in your research pursuits. - Romesh Kumar

Entry number 21  Name Alayna DeVivi   Email Address bstar13@hotmail.com   School (if applicable) Northumberland High School   Country United States of America   Age Range 9 - 14   Sex Female   Platform & language Mozilla/4.73 [en] (Win95; U)   IP Address 192.168.0.102   DNS   Date Sat Aug 26 09:45:58 EDT 2000   Comments I want to comment from the perspective of a high school student. Your site has introduced and exposed me to some very relevant and important ideas, many of which I had never thought about. It has really gotten me thinking. Don't get discouraged with the comments. The people commenting on your site are not ordinary people: they are the top minds and top scientists in the world. Many have won awards and have achieved high recognition for their work in their fields of research. They are brilliant. Your page has gotten the scrutiny of a post-graduate doctoral thesis. The result has been many wonderful comments which has really enhanced the educational value of the site. In 1998, Dr. Santer won $270,000 from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation for his contributions in atmospheric science. He was honored along with others who have contributed to our society, including Tim Berners-Lee, the man who accidentally invented the internet (no, Al Gore did not invent the internet, media!). This award is unsolicited. Everyone who has listened to public radio and TV will recognize this foundation as the one that sponsors top-notch documentaries and educational programming. The trouble is that most brilliant people, like Dr. Santer, are so busy working in their fields, that they fail to realize that they are in the center of history, and are the major players in world changing landmarks of time. As a result Tim Berners-Lee and Dr. Santer fail to see the significance of their contributions. Oh, by the way, as a student, I appreciate your critical thinking idea on "funding bias." Although Dr. Santer's worry about the fact that high school students are so naive as to think that a "government" scientist from Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory would be a climate change skeptic is rediculous! After all, the scientists at Livermore Labs are the "climate model people." Besides, a casual search on the net will show that he has spoken to fellow students at an Explorer Club in his home state about his scientific feeling that there is an link between changing climate and man's activity. I noticed that Dr. Singer has commented on your site. He was a famous skeptic in years past. Dr. Singer still carries some interesting emails from Dr. Santer on his site sepp.org. They are at www.sepp.org ipccont Item08.htm. As students, we surely would like Dr. Santer to unpack some of the "chapter 8" history here. Apparently there was a little ruckus and frackus taking place about the changes. What interesting history! We would have loved, as students, to be as you say the "fly on the wall." Maybe Dr. Santer could provide some historical insite as to the motives of Dennis Wanstead and the Global Climate Coalition. To interested students, it's like a "who done it" mystery. To most high school students, from reading http: www.sover.net dbriars mcl mc97-69.txt it would appear that skeptics like Dr. Singer and the GCC are willfully deciding to reject the conclusions of "good" science because they want to reject fact they don't want to agree with. Is our conclusion correct, Dr. Santer. Also, students want to hear from the fuel cell manufacturers. Should we seriously consider pursuing this new technology as a career choice. Should I endure the rigors of chemical engineering, physics, electrical engineering, and the like to chase a pipe dream doomed to failure. Where are comments from Iceland, a nation seeking to be 100ossil-fuel-free by 2040. As a student, I'd like to hear from all the governments of the world about their opinions on this issue. Where are the comments from U.S. Senators on treaty ratification of Kyoto. I listened to Al Gore talk about "global warming" at the Democratic convention, where is he. He holds a lot of the history of Kyoto - he was there in 1997. He also had a significant impact on history that he doesn't even see either. Why can't he share that on you site. Is he totally free of influence. Is his position on global warming like cigarette smoking. If so, he should be hailed as a hero by teens. Anyone fighting causes to eliminate those things harmful to society is a true leader. I, too, would like to see the U.S. State Department and other nations' negotiating teams archive the history of Kyoto on your site. They too, are blind-sided as to the significance of the issues they are negotiating. No one can see the forests for the trees. This is so typical of the adult world! I hope your team is successful in culling out the social science and history behind what these talented scientists and statesmenstatewomen have lived through. While the scientific ideas in the comments have greatly contributed to the educational content of your page, I agree with you, the unrecorded, behind-the-scenes is what students want to see come to this site. Best of luck!

Entry number 22  Name Guy Dauncey   Email Address guydauncey@earthfuture.com   School (if applicable) Sustainable Communities Consultancy   Country United States of America   Age Range No age selected   Sex No sex selected   Platform & language Mozilla/4.7 [en] (WinNT; I)   IP Address 192.168.0.103   DNS   Date Sat Aug 26 11:17:27 EDT 2000   Comments Did you know about this, where the students at Merit School, Santa Cruz, made a hydrogen fuel cell ice-cream maker. Go to www.meritworld.com and click into hydrogen fuel cell project. best wishes, Guy

Entry number 23  Name Samantha, Michelle, Floyd   Email Address C005858@thinkquest.org   School (if applicable) Various   Country United States of America   Age Range No age selected   Sex No sex selected   Platform & language Mozilla/4.7 [en] (WinNT; I)   IP Address 192.168.0.102   DNS   Date Sat Aug 26 11:22:38 EDT 2000   Comments To commenter #22: thanks for the site. We cruised it, and it's wonderful! We would like the students involved with the hands on to provide their insites on our site!!!!!!!! Since they seem to be promising uprising scientists, any political opinions or ideas on the viability of this new technology would be great! Thank you so much for your comment!

Entry number 24  Name Sir John Houghton   Email Address jthoughton@ipccwg1.demon.co.uk   School (if applicable) Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research   Country United Kingdom   Age Range No age selected   Sex Male   Platform & language Mozilla/4.7 [en] (WinNT; I)   IP Address 192.168.0.103   DNS   Date Sat Aug 26 14:48:57 EDT 2000   Comments I was interested to see your attractive site explaining the hydrogen economy which is going to be very important. But in your policy section you give most of your space to quotes from people who have been prominent in the press but not in the scientific literature because they do not understand the science very well. I wish you had given more space to careful explanations of the science such as you can find in IPCC reports -or in my book. Many hundreds of the world's best scientists have been involved in the very careful work of the IPCC. I suggest you look up www.ipcc.ch or www.unep.org ipcc qa cover.html or the many IPCC volumes published by CUP. For your site to be really useful it needs to be scientifically accurate and credible so your material has to be carefully chosen and balanced. Best wishes, John Houghton -- Sir John Houghton, IPCC WGI Co-Chair, The Met. Office, Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research, London Road, Bracknell, RG12 2SY, United Kingdom, tel: +44 (0)1344 856888, fax: +44 (0)1344 856912, email: jthoughton@ipccwg1.demon.co.uk, www: http:www.met-office.gov.uksec5CR_divipccwg1

Entry number 25  Name Samantha, Michelle, Floyd   Email Address C005858@thinkquest.org   School (if applicable) Various   Country United States of America   Age Range No age selected   Sex No sex selected   Platform & language Mozilla/4.7 [en] (WinNT; I)   IP Address 192.168.0.102   DNS   Date Sat Aug 26 14:51:37 EDT 2000   Comments Team C005858 response to Sir John Houghton COMMENT 24: First off, it is a real thrill to have the comments of the authors of so many of the references we used. It makes the page come alive and gives it a personality. Secondly, we agree so much: there is wide-spread ignorance of the science. But look who is ignorant: the decision-makers, not the scientists. We will say for our U.S. students, page 233 of Sir. Houghton's book outlines Al Gore's five strategic goals. Here is one of the few politicians who does understand the science. We hope Mr. Gore will provide comments, which would be as valuable, but for the sake of the scientists, not more important than the science. But, let's face it: the politics and the science make strange bed partners. The skeptics have been relatively quiet in our site's commentaries. Interesting to us. Does this mean that over the past ten years, scientists are find acceptance that the world has an extremely important problem to address. Getting back to the politics; given the fact that we have a major problem to address, what is the solution. Once we discuss solutions, what are the roadblocks to implementing these solutions. Now we are back to politics. The IPCC breaks new political ground, but has philosophical precedent in the history of the U.S. State Department. What would happen if Al Gore loses the election in November. Will there be enough bipartisan support due to respect for the science to ratify the treaty. We are hoping U.S. Senators will respond to our page. The UK and EU are very committed to the science, it appears, we, as students feel. Are we correct. As far as the content of the book, GLOBAL WARMING - the complete briefing, it is all over our web site. Because so many others are publishing the same ideas, many of the ideas were attributed to other web sites and books, but we highlighted in the books we used and your book is almost completely yellowed out. In preparing the site, we visited all of the IPCC sites and literature. We just got tired of typing our references out after a while. We can recommend chapter 8 of your book: "Why Should We Be Concerned." We are finding wide-spread ignorance of this science in the non-scientific community. We are finding wide-spread ignorance of this science in U.S., Asian, and EU schools. Hopefully our page will change that. We tried to keep it on a U.S. middle school level. Your book is very easily read and is on that level. Students of the world thank you for that. We thank you for taking the time to educate us. We know you really care about the science. Team C005858 personally feels that we are in a transition as big as the Industrial Revolution, which spawned the problem. We want to archive the history as it happens in this site. Some of this involves putting ideas on the table and discussing what is best, what selfish motives there may be to decision-making, and of course the scientific background.

Entry number 26  Name Bob Jarrett, Army Environmental Policy   Email Address bjarrett@mindspring.com   School (if applicable) U.S. Army Environmental Policy Institute   Country United States of America   Age Range Over 56   Sex Male   Platform & language Mozilla/4.7 [en] (WinNT; I)   IP Address 192.168.0.102   DNS   Date Sun Sep 3 14:13:40 EDT 2000   Comments I'll answer your query as a private person, since the field of energy is not one of my job related areas of work. In any case, anything I say to you must be my own opinion and is NOT a position of the Army or U.S. Government. You are indeed correct: there are important issues that any military force in the world today must be planning for regarding future energy availability. 1. Various authorities do warn of a point lying between 2010 and 2025 (some say as late as 2050), when world production of petroleum fuels will peak, while world need continues to climb. That is a scary thought. It is public knowledge that the U.S. Army is engaging in plans and research to vastly increase the efficiency of all the equipment it must use to be a credible fighting force and to perform humanitarian activities in the 2020-2050 time frame. The goal is a 75eduction in petroleum fuel requirements. There are three reasons: expected high cost of fuels, possible physical unavailability of fuels and the military benefits of not carrying around such huge tonnages of fuel on any battlefield or for peace time operation. So, you can see that the message has already been heard and measures are being taken in the U.S. Tanks, trucks, aircraft, weapons and all the other paraphernalia of war must be made lighter, more effective and inherently energy efficient. 2. The other big issue is the likelihood that military conflicts will break out, as nations strive to protect or "steal" petroleum resources from others. Unfortunately, this suggests that many nations might try to build large military forces that the U.S. might have to confront in order to help maintain a stable world economy. As a result, new ideas for deterring open war have to be invented and put into use. 3. A third significant issue is whether there are any miraculous kinds of replacements for petroleum fuels. In general, there aren't, despite the dreams some people put forward. Some alternative approaches, though expensive, can help. But, others have technical drawbacks and are really only different ways of storing and using energy. For example, hydrogen must be made from water using expensive, low efficiency solar panels or the same fossil, nuclear and hydropower resources upon which we already rely. Agricultural fuels, such as alcohol and bio-diesel use land, energy, fertilizers and water needed for food production. When I was just graduating from college in 1959, fusion power was predicted to become commercially available in 30 years (1989). Recent projections are - you guessed it - 30 years (2030)! There is one perversely funny aspect to the whole thing. Most kinds of warfare we know today could become too expensive in their use (waste) of fossil energy. As a result, humans could be forced to negotiate more and go to war less just because of the energy requirements. Sadly, humans only seem to learn the hard way. Best wishes for success with your project, Bob Jarrett ------------------------ Robert E. Jarrett Army Environmental Policy Institute, TEL 404-524-9364, FAX 404-524-9368, Home: 1070 Ashbury Drive, Decatur, Georgia 30030-4165, TEL 404-286-9641, No FAX unless pre-arranged to use computer as FAX. Have only one line.

Entry number 27  Name Samantha, Floyd, and Michelle   Email Address C005858@thinkquest.org   School (if applicable) Various   Country United States of America   Age Range No age selected   Sex No sex selected   Platform & language Mozilla/4.7 [en] (WinNT; I)   IP Address 192.168.0.102   DNS   Date Sun Sep 3 15:00:03 EDT 2000   Comments We had featured the U.S. Navy's hydrogen fuel cell ship (2.5 megawatt units) on our site. We emailed Adm. Richard Truly, head of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory about military readiness in light of inevidable fossil fuel depletion. He received the report on the Challenger Space disaster. He was an astronaut. He piloted the Columbia shuttle, and later the Challenger. Before that he was head of Navy Space Command here in Dahlgren, Virginia. The Challenger disaster happened in January 1986. Truly came on board with NASA to rebuild the shuttle program in February. All of these sites are interesting, but unfortunately, the team has a character translation bug in the CGI scripts for the page. The forward slashes are not being translated and the question marks come out as @. Otherwise, it works great! We are leaving spaces where to forward slashes go. So if you put them into the sites on the comments page, they should work. The comments in #26 will be helpful for future leaders, who now are students. While we wish that the world could turn more to negotiations for peaceful solutions, the development of nuclear technology (vs. hydrogen) as a solution could put this extremely dangerous technology in the hands of those who might not be as lofty and unselfish in motive. Team C005858 has heard back feedback from fellow students to the effect that they are afraid to comment because they feel like their ideas are not as intellectual. Don't feel that way! The people commenting on this site are some of the best minds in some of the most responsible positions in the U.S. and world. If you like the site, just say so. If you learned something, just say so. Don't feel that you have to match the caliber of comments to some of these outstanding contributions! We want to hear from our fellow students and their teachers. Ok@ We thought that Thinkquest pulled sites off with three errors. But for some reason they've left our site on. Each day, for us, it's like reading the obits: do we see a 404. I guess the corrections as brought on through the comments page have found favor somehow. At any rate, we are still alive and well.

Entry number 28  Name Brian D. Caplan, PhD   Email Address bcaplan@gmu.edu   School (if applicable) George Mason University   Country United States of America   Age Range No age selected   Sex Male   Platform & language Mozilla/4.7 [en] (WinNT; I)   IP Address 192.168.0.103   DNS   Date Mon Sep 4 21:07:17 EDT 2000   Comments There is a huge literature on the economics of non-renewable resources. Bottom line: there's no problem. Scarcity automatically raises prices, which induces both conservation, search for new supplies, and innovation in alternatives. Predictions of oil depletions have a full century of abject failure to their credit. See the many works of Julian Simon for details. --Prof. Bryan Caplan, bcaplan@gmu.edu, http:www.gmu.edudepartmentseconomicsbcaplan ------------------------------------- "[W]hen we attempt to prove by direct argument, what is really self-evident, the reasoning will always be inconclusive; for it will either take for granted the thing to be proved, or something not more evident; and so, instead of giving strength to the conclusion, will rather tempt those to doubt of it, who never did so before." -- Thomas Reid, _Essays on the Active Powers of the Human Mind_

Entry number 29  Name Samantha, Michelle, and Floyd   Email Address C005858@thinkquest.org   School (if applicable) Various   Country United States of America   Age Range No age selected   Sex No sex selected   Platform & language Mozilla/4.7 [en] (WinNT; I)   IP Address 192.168.0.103   DNS   Date Mon Sep 4 21:39:12 EDT 2000   Comments To comment #28: We surely have learned a lot of interesting things with this topic. Unfortunately distinguished economist, Julian Simon has passed, so we can't email him at the University of Maryland anymore. It is interesting that he used this premise to refute Paul Ehrilch's gloom and doom environmental predictions. Funny how Ehrilch went on to win the MacArthur Foundation's genius grant (see comments above about Dr. Santer). Yet, none of Ehrilch's predictions came true. Thanks for your comment, Dr. Caplan. We love your quotes. Fellow students, go out and read some of Dr. Caplan's work - you'll love the quotes! He's a great economist. We might point out that just as the students creating this site are not professionals, or scientists, or college professors - so it is that Dr. Caplan is an economist, not an environmental scientist. So while the Keynesian supply and demand (Reaganomics) might comfort the Saudis that oil will taper off with higher profits for them (thereby producing a neutral economic effect on their economy), there must be a middle breakeven line when these alternative fuel technologies can celebrate their economic birthdays. We might caution our teen readers, that each comment comes from a different interest group. They must be so interpreted. If you have questions, please email us or enter it in as a comment.

Entry number 30  Name Gordon Tullock   Email Address gtulloc1@osfl.gmu.edu   School (if applicable) George Mason University   Country United States of America   Age Range No age selected   Sex Male   Platform & language Mozilla/4.7 [en] (WinNT; I)   IP Address 192.168.0.102   DNS   Date Wed Sep 6 18:36:02 EDT 2000   Comments If you are working on global warming you should have at least some knowledge of the work, which indicates it's not happening or if it is happening it's harmless. It may not convince you, but you should look at both sides. I suggest you contact Fred Singer. --------------------------------------- Gordon Tullock Professor of Law and Economics

Entry number 31  Name Samantha, Michelle, and Floyd   Email Address C005858@thinkquest.org   School (if applicable) Various   Country United States of America   Age Range No age selected   Sex No sex selected   Platform & language Mozilla/4.7 [en] (WinNT; I)   IP Address 192.168.0.102   DNS   Date Wed Sep 6 18:38:50 EDT 2000   Comments Answer to comment #30: See comment number 3 above. Dr. Singer has been contacted and has responded.

Entry number 32  Name Colleen G. Cadwallader   Email Address colleen@educationunlimited.com   School (if applicable) Director of academic enrichment camp   Country United States of America   Age Range No age selected   Sex Female   Platform & language Mozilla/4.7 [en] (WinNT; I)   IP Address 192.168.0.102   DNS   Date Wed Sep 6 18:45:18 EDT 2000   Comments Thanks for passing your URL on to us! All I can say is wow, wow, wow!! You are truly amazing. I will forward this site on to some of our campers that may find it of interest!

Entry number 33  Name Team C005858   Email Address C005858@thinkquest.org   School (if applicable) Various   Country United States of America   Age Range No age selected   Sex No sex selected   Platform & language Mozilla/4.7 [en] (WinNT; I)   IP Address 192.168.0.102   DNS   Date Wed Sep 6 18:51:22 EDT 2000   Comments To comment #32: Thanks, we hope that we can build the international survey database on option 1 of the visitor's survey. We really want to see the types of responses by country - so, any non-US students or adults responding to the 10-question survey and then posting it will really help!

Entry number 34  Name Dr. Kenneth Chilton   Email Address chilton@csab.wustl.edu   School (if applicable) Distinguished Senior Fellow and Environmental Program Manager of the Center for Study of American Business   Country United States of America   Age Range No age selected   Sex Male   Platform & language Mozilla/4.7 [en] (WinNT; I)   IP Address 192.168.0.102   DNS   Date Wed Sep 6 21:58:08 EDT 2000   Comments You are to be commended for your initiative in setting up your web page. You should not be disappointed that you haven't received a lot of response from some of my like-minded friends. Time is the scarce resource for us all. It is hard to justify responding to an individual when you could be working on a study that will be distributed to a broad audience or talking with a media source who will write about your reserch in a newspaper reserch hundreds of thousands. Having said that, I'll offer a couple of comments. Keeping in mind that I wouldn't have a clue about how to set up a web page, I found yours to be somewhat difficult to understand. It seems as if you have posted a paper that you have written and it is not clear what you want the visitor to do about it. I didn't try to read it by going to all of its sections. I believe the gist of your paper is that fuel cells should replace fossil fuels as the planet's leading source of energy. This may happen some day but not in the next few decades. There are important technology issues that have not been solved, at least not economically resolved, as well as serious infrastructure difficulties. But the critical issue is economics. Right now, fossil fuel prices are signalling energy suppliers and users that they are in ample supply. While many environmentalists insist that these prices are "wrong" because they don't take into account environmental harms, or they are low because of subsidies, both are more harms assertions than proven facts. Certainly, in advanced nations like the U.S., environmental regulation has made the costs of producing and refining fossil fuels imbedded in the prices to energy producers and their customers. U.S. subsidies are relatively insignificant compared to the price increases likely caused by government policies that prevent exploration and production of oil within the U.S. Well, I confess that these are somewhat off the cuff and disjointed responses but they are all I have time for at present. I urge you to further acquaint yourself with an economics viewpoint to resource and environmental issues. This perspective helps explain why "compelling" new technology doesn't immediately overtake existing technology and raises some issues that increse one's ability to critcally analyze overly exuberant forecasts. Again, congratulations - increse your initiative. I critcally believe you will really enjoy examining environmental issues from the added perspective of economics. Ken

Entry number 35  Name Samantha, Michelle, and Floyd   Email Address C005858@thinkquest.org   School (if applicable) Various   Country United States of America   Age Range No age selected   Sex No sex selected   Platform & language Mozilla/4.7 [en] (WinNT; I)   IP Address 192.168.0.102   DNS   Date Wed Sep 6 22:21:34 EDT 2000   Comments To comment #34: First off, we want to say how much we appreciate busy and important people who take time to share their perspective with us teen students. Dr. Chilton's research follows two broad themes: (1) applying economic principles to environmental policy, and (2) examining the changing structures of American firms in the global marketplace. He is co-editor of four books"The Dynamic American Firm" (1996), "Environmental Protection: Regulating for Results" (1991), "American Manufacturing in a Global Market" (1989), and "Public Policy Toward Corporate Takeovers" (1988). He has published numerous reports and spoken to a variety of audiences about environmental issues. His recent studies include: "Are Economic Growth and a Sustainable Environment Compatible@", "Enhancing Environmental Protection While Fostering Economic Growth,"Fundamental Issues Hidden in the Air Quality Dust Cloud,"EPA's Case for New Ozone and Particulate Standards: Would Americans Get Their Money's Worth@" and (with Stephen Huebner) "Questioning the Emphasis on Environmental Contaminants as a Signficant Threat to Children's Health." As far as what we wanted to accomplish in the page@ The team wanted to look at the advantages and disadvantages of switching from energy from burning fossil fuels to hydrogen, in light of two consideration: (1) we might run out of fossil fuels (non-renewable aspect) and (2) it might be contributing to an environmental problem. We felt like it was a relevant topic to bring awareness to fellow teen students, who will be faced one day in positions of decision-making and leadership. Thus, the page has to be somewhat educational to bring that awareness. The rest is to build an opinion database and to archive interesting discussions. And, I must say, Dr. Chilton, you have given us good discussion, which we appreciate. Most of the discussion has been on the science. We agree that the economic piece is vital to a well-rounded and interesting educational discussion. As far as responding to a lone student, this page is in an award-winning international scholarship contest. We are desperately trying to drive not only awareness but traffic to the site through planned contact with highly respected scientists, educators, and writers. Also, we are systematically emailing 250,000 high schools in 35 countries. We have no idea what kind of a readership this is creating. We would hope your comments would impact many who would not read or hear you: the teen student, decision-maker of the future. Thank you for your time; it is and will be an investment in the future as long as Thinkquest keeps the site up. Your efforts are not in vain! We appreciate your investing in us!

Entry number 36  Name Adam Boger   Email Address djohnson@cdi.org   School (if applicable) Center For Defense Information   Country United States of America   Age Range No age selected   Sex Male   Platform & language Mozilla/4.7 [en] (WinNT; I)   IP Address 192.168.0.103   DNS   Date Thu Sep 7 18:26:14 EDT 2000   Comments I am responding to your questions concerning the United States Military and Fuel Cell technology. You asked whether the United States Military ought to be focusing on developing fuel cell technology, in light of concerns over fossil fuel depletion. Currently, the agencies comprising the United States military are researching, designing and implementing fuel cell power plants at several levels and under a series of mandates. At the governmental level, the Energy Policy Act of 1992 provided funding for a five year research program investigating "efficient and environmentally benign power generation using fuel cells". The papers bearing on the research program can be found at the National Energy Technology Laboratory Website, under the publications listings. At an agency level, Executive Order 12902 (EO 12902), signed in 1994, established specific energy use and efficiency guidelines for federal agencies; mandating that federal agencies increase energy efficiency 20 percent by 2005 (relative to a 1990 baseline). These guidelines were extended in 1999, with the signing of Executive Order 13123 (EO 12902). The goals of EO 13123 included reducing agency installation greenhouse gas production and the consumption of petroleum. Fuel Cells are explicitly mentioned as one method of reducing installation energy consumption (off of the power grid) and would also increase installation energy efficiency. In addition, Congress appropriated $36.75 million in Fiscal Years 1993-94 for a Department of Defense fuel cell program (www.dodfuelcell.com) "to stimulate growth and economies of scale in the fuel cell industry and to determine the role of fuel cells in the DoD's long term energy strategy." This program has constructed powerplants in 29 locations in 17 states, producing, as of 123199, a total of approximately 92,000 MWHRS. Within the Department of Defense, the branches of the armed services are conducting their own research. In addition to examining fuel cells as sources of electricity and hot water for installations such as hospitals and barracks, the Army has joined in partnership with Hydrogen Burner Technology, SunLine Transit, and the Coachella Valley Economic Partnership research group to develop a fuel cellelectric truck that would run off diesel fuel. Another area of interest for the army is small portable fuel cells, also an area of interest to the Air Force. The Navy is going on step further, developing fuel cell powerplants to replace turbines on the next generation of Navy warships, possibly phasing them in as soon as 2010, with the new DD 21 Land Attack Destroyer. These powerplants are intended to run on diesel fuel, for safety and logistics reasons. The logistical reasons underlying the Navy's decision are pertinent to the other branches as well. The costs of maintaining a separate infrastructure devoted to hydrogen gas fueled fuel cells preclude their development (at least in the foreseeable future). Fortunately, the current fossil fuel situation allows for research to progress in the long term, while government policy protects us from disruption in the short term. According to the United States Energy Information Administration, the country currently has 21 billion barrels reserves, while Greenpeace provides estimates of North American proven reserves from 60 - 100 billion barrels, which the United States would likely have access to in time of need. In the more-distant future, while supplies of conventional petroleum may be dwindling, there exist vast untapped reserves of non-conventional sources of oil such as oil shales in the US or tar sands in Canada. For protection against sudden supply interruptions and price shocks, the US maintains a strategic oil reserve equal to between 60 and 152 days normal use. While the US military is showing definite interest in fuel cells, the cells would not likely run off hydrogen gas for safety reasons and the need for compatibility with existing equipment. Instead, in the near future emphasis will be on installation powerplants running on petroleum. This emphasis would be unlikely to adversely affect the ability of the US military to function, as the Strategic Reserve and the availability of other North American supplies would provide time necessary to resolve any interruption in imports. Adam Boger Center For Defense Information

Entry number 37  Name Samantha, Michelle, and Floyd   Email Address C005858@thinkquest.org   School (if applicable) Various   Country United States of America   Age Range No age selected   Sex No sex selected   Platform & language Mozilla/4.7 [en] (WinNT; I)   IP Address 192.168.0.103   DNS   Date Thu Sep 7 19:05:27 EDT 2000   Comments To comment #36: Thanks for the update! It is fantastic that the U.S. Navy plans to replace turbines with fuel cells by 2010! We might point out to fellow students the fact that even though fossil fuels are reformed to produce the hydrogen for the fuel cell, the emission of sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxide are very small, compared to traditional turbines that "burn" fossil fuels. So even though the transition to hydrogen historically might evolve through a fossil fuel reformation phase, the environmental impact of this move is tremendous. Visit some of the hyperlinks on our site to explore some of the environmental stats. We linked to the www.dodfuelcell.com. It is a site worth the time to visit! What's interesting is Mr. Bodger's mention that safety is a key barrier to the use of pure hydrogen. Thanks for your insites.

Entry number 38  Name Dr. Robin Hanson   Email Address rhanson@gmu.edu   School (if applicable)   Country   Age Range No age selected   Sex No sex selected   Platform & language Mozilla/4.7 [en] (WinNT; I)   IP Address 192.168.0.102   DNS   Date Sat Sep 9 17:31:48 EDT 2000   Comments You have a lot of detail on your site, but little in the way of theory to connect the details to the big policy issues. The main issue I can accept as valid is pollution externalities, and the main remedy that makes sense is a direct pollution tax. But even there you haven't paid much attention to the most important issues. The fact that we may be running out of fuels is just a fact of life, like the rain, and not something that it is useful to respond to with uses taxes, subsidies, etc. If you think people are systematically mistaken about what will happen, you might consider creating an institution like: longgrainfutures.html on hanson.gmu.edu. Entry and costs are similarly something that it is a mistake to interfere with. Investors have had long experience in considering such issues, and probably get it pretty near right. Research costs might be more of a concern, but not especially because this is energy - all research is a concern. I might accept some general approach to subsidizing all types of research, but it is inappropriate to pick winners and losers. The issue where there seems more grounds for intervention is pollution externalities, which one might respond to with a pollution tax. But the best policy is just to tax the pollution that causes harm, and leave it up to others to respond to this tax with this or that new or old technology. It is again a mistake to try to pick winners and losers. The big question regarding a tax is how large it should be. Obviously we should not be subsidizing things that cause external harms, and so it is clear we should eliminate subsidies. But beyond that, the tax should be as large as the harm imposed on others. But that just makes the question: how large is the harm@ Regarding global warming a crucial point is that the harm will happen far in the future, and using standard interest rates that does not count as much harm. Here are some relevant economics articles, from www.jstor.org, on global warming policy: (1) "The Impact of Global Warming on Agriculture: A Ricardian Analysis", by Robert Mendelsohn, William D. Nordhaus, Daigee Shaw; The American Economic Review, Vol. 84, No. 4. (Sep., 1994), pp. 753-771. (2)" Scientific Basis for the Greenhouse Effect (in Policy Forum)" by William R. Cline; The Economic Journal, Vol. 101, No. 407. (Jul., 1991), pp. 904-919. (3) "Global Warming Policy: A Public Finance Perspective (in Symposia: Global Climate Change)", by James M. Poterba; The Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 7, No. 4. (Autumn, 1993), pp. 47-63. (4) "The Role of Carbon Taxes in Adjusting to Global Warming (in Policy Forum)", by David Pearce; The Economic Journal, Vol. 101, No. 407. (Jul., 1991), pp. 938-948. (5) "A Regional Dynamic General-Equilibrium Model of Alternative Climate-Change Strategies", by William D. Nordhaus, Zili Yang; The American Economic Review, Vol. 86, No. 4. (Sep., 1996), pp. 741-765. (6)"Some Economics of Global Warming", by Thomas C. Schelling; The American Economic Review, Vol. 82, No. 1. (Mar., 1992), pp. 1-14. (7) "The Impact of Global Warming of Agriculture: Comment", by William R. Cline; The American Economic Review, Vol. 86, No. 5. (Dec., 1996), pp. 1309-1311. (8) "Reflections on the Economics of Climate Change (in Symposia: Global Climate Change)", by William D. Nordhaus; The Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 7, No. 4. (Autumn, 1993), pp. 11-25. (9) "The Impact of Global Warming on Agriculture: Reply", by Robert Mendelsohn, William Nordhaus; The American Economic Review, Vol. 86, No. 5. (Dec., 1996), pp. 1312-1315. (10) "Economic Aspects of Global Warming: Editorial Note (in Policy Forum)", by David Greenaway; The Economic Journal, Vol. 101, No. 407. (Jul., 1991), pp. 902-903. --------------------------------------- I'd be happy to talk with you on this more, in person or by phone. Robin Hanson, rhanson@gmu.edu, hanson.gmu.edu, Asst. Prof. Economics, George Mason University, MSN 1D3, Carow Hall, Fairfax VA 22030-4444, 703-993-2326 FAX: 703-993-2323

Entry number 39  Name Samantha, Michelle, and Floyd   Email Address C005858@thinkquest.org   School (if applicable) Various   Country United States of America   Age Range No age selected   Sex No sex selected   Platform & language Mozilla/4.7 [en] (WinNT; I)   IP Address 192.168.0.102   DNS   Date Sat Sep 9 17:46:50 EDT 2000   Comments To comment #38: Thank you so much for you valuable input on eco-taxes. We long waited for someone to bring up that issue. Any important issues we have failed to discuss, please input that as well. We have addressed the taxing position of several nations. We have addressed all of the known harms most are considering. The issue of amount of payment for harms has really been controversial in the economics literature. Your first reference cited is by two Yale professors we have the highest respect for: Dr. Mendelsohn (not the gene man) and Dr. Nordhaus. There have been several models for pricing based on a "cost-benefit" approach. Dr. Nordhaus invented a Dynamic Integrated Climate Economy (abbreviated DICE) model. Other economists have developed environmental harms pricing models, but most of the curricula of most universities we have reviewed use Dr. Mendelsohn's model. The cost of the harms are balanced against the benefit. We presented on our site that there are benefits to global warming to a 4.5 degree temperature increase for the U.S., Europe, Russia, and Japan. However when Ricardian studies are run on Brazil, we find that while the U.S. Might save $100 billion dollars in energy costs, the results for our friends in Brazil are devastating. The inequity of this is, as stated on our site, the U.S. would probably make payments for emissions trades with Russia, not Brazil. The pricing is not as simple as discounted value of cost of capital break even. In other words, given that the U.S. were the only nation in the world, we would set a level that would optimize our temperatures, albeit some of our pretty New England trees would migrate to Canada. We would set our goal forward in these economic models to that optimal level. There are equilibrium levels and dynamic levels. We have covered dynamic feedbacks on our page. Other economic models set the emissions goal at the maximum to avoid climate catastrophe. One future goal for purposes of modeling in IPCC work group III is 2xCO2, that is the point in time when carbon dioxide concentrations are twice that of pre-Industrial Revolution times. The IPCC Working Group III estimates a harms cost of 1.5 to 2 percent of world GNP. For developed countries, the cost of harms is from 1 to 1.5 percent of GNP. The harms cost for developing countries is 2 to 9 percent of GNP! Back on point, the eco-tax is set to cause abatement to that catastrophic maximum. It is more of a control (costbenefit) mechanism, not designed to pay reparations to nations experiencing ecological and economic damage. So all of the relevant elements for an economic discussion are covered on our site, it's just that we did not present conclusions so as to leave the discussion open in light of the disagreements in both the science and the economics. This is a critical thinking site, not a spoon feed. Because we have received comments that we are favoring positions from both sides of the isle, we are starting to feel that our site is probably as balanced as it could be expected to be. Thank you, so much Dr. Hanson, for your wonderful comments! We feel hope that this will open up more of the discussion on the economics of this global energy use discussion. We like your Discussion on longgrainfutures.html of http:hanson.gmu.edu, but do not see how one can control pricing in the emissions world by hedging or hording, unless from withholding fossil fuel from the public. On the comment on winners and losers, we can accept that kind of a laissez-faire approach unless there are harms. In that case, like cigarette smoking or nuclear leaks, government proactivity is not seen as evil entirely. Given that there is a real problem of general welfare to solve, we don't find government spending for solutions to be without merit. Where we find this issue interesting is the global aspect, where sovereign nations must meet to discuss the science, the alternatives, the harms, and plot a course under international law to make a level playing field. Now we have a political situation as difficult as the Jerusalem talks!

Entry number 40  Name Craig Holmes-IdaTech   Email Address   School (if applicable)   Country USA   Age Range No age selected   Sex No sex selected   Platform & language Mozilla/4.73 [en] (Win98; I)   IP Address 192.168.0.102   DNS   Date Fri Sep 15 19:46:29 EDT 2000   Comments First of all, let me say that I am in support of the fuel cell industry and specifically the PEM (proton exchange menbrane) technology. However, the industry is just coming out of the R

Entry number 41  Name   Email Address   School (if applicable)   Country   Age Range No age selected   Sex No sex selected   Platform & language Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 5.5; Windows 98)   IP Address 192.168.0.102   DNS   Date Sun Sep 17 03:43:08 EDT 2000   Comments

Entry number 42  Name   Email Address   School (if applicable)   Country USA   Age Range No age selected   Sex No sex selected   Platform & language Mozilla/4.7 (Macintosh; I; PPC)   IP Address 192.168.0.4   DNS   Date Sat Sep 23 22:14:07 EDT 2000   Comments This is a very interesting site. I've found that a booklet by the George C. Marshall Institute has helpful information about global warming. The title is "A Guide to Global Warming." It is not too long, only about 30 pages, and it is free for the asking. The Institute's e-mail address is info@marshall.org. I live in the West. The huge forest fires out here are bad. They are damaging our atmosphere by sending tons and tons of carbon dioxide and smoke into the sky. I've found a lot of information about these fires at www.usconservation.org.

Entry number 43  Name Samantha, Michelle, and Floyd   Email Address C005858@thinkquest.org   School (if applicable) Various   Country United States of America   Age Range No age selected   Sex No sex selected   Platform & language Mozilla/4.7 [en] (WinNT; I)   IP Address 192.168.0.4   DNS   Date Sun Sep 24 22:01:08 EDT 2000   Comments To comment number 42: As we prepared this site last year, we read article after article predicting the fires that we've seen in the United States. Some articles reported that there would be a drying of the mid-west and the west which would produce conditions where fires would easily start. As we saw this unfold, it was kind of spooky. This is, in a way, a "feedback," in that it is a condition that compounds a problem. We stand at an interesting point in history in the United States. We are about 40 days from a major election where one candidate is advocating thinking ahead about alternative fuels from a perspective of science. But to protect the global commons, the international community has to move beyond "frameworks." They are stalling tactics, to defer addressing the problem. You notice that the Senate is not debating the treaty issues from Kyoto until after the election. The protocols in a treaty are more important that the treaties. The LRTAP (Long Range Transboundary Air Pollution Treaty) has protocols that allow the United States to continue to burn soft coal in power plants without a treaty violation! Yet we signed the treaty! What do you think of that@ We want to say that the Thinkquest server is really taking hits at this time as we enter the most ferocious part of the competition. The server may be slow and it actually crashed today. Please, don't let this discourage you. They have a lot of horsepower and they get the site back up very quickly. Thanks for your comment.

Entry number 44  Name Kirsten   Email Address kirsten_van_damme@yahoo.com   School (if applicable)   Country Belgium   Age Range 19 - 25   Sex Female   Platform & language Mozilla/4.03 [nl] (Win95; I)   IP Address 192.168.0.3   DNS dev.local   Date Mon Sep 25 11:24:58 EDT 2000   Comments Like this page. Don't know you all personally, but that doesn't mean that I can't like this page. Here's our homepage: www.geocities.comsohopark2820

Entry number 45  Name S. Park   Email Address disciple815@hotmail.com   School (if applicable)   Country Korea   Age Range 15 - 18   Sex Male   Platform & language Mozilla/4.7 [en] (WinNT; I)   IP Address 192.168.0.3   DNS dev.local   Date Mon Sep 25 18:23:07 EDT 2000   Comments Hi! I'm 15 year old boy from Korea ---------------------------------------- I know that this site is kool and made by three smart girls as you guys told me by email. And now, I think I'm so silly with it. Cause I'm not a native speaker and it's too difficult to me.(thou I'm going to go to the states on December) The only thing that I know about this site is that it's about Energy. Unfortunately, I'm not into science or math. I don't belong them:( Anyway, I found you guys are intelligent. Bye

Entry number 46  Name Michelle from team C005858   Email Address C005858@thinkquest.org   School (if applicable) Chesapeake Bay Governor's School   Country United States of America   Age Range 15 - 18   Sex Female   Platform & language Mozilla/4.7 [en] (WinNT; I)   IP Address 192.168.0.4   DNS   Date Mon Sep 25 18:31:05 EDT 2000   Comments To comment #45: Well, two of us are girls; Floyd is a boy. I really think it's great that you are practicing your English. Maybe we can see you when you come to the US. I hope so. Before high school I competed on a junior olympic sanctioned gymnastics team. We had members of the Russian gymnastics team visit us each summer, until the rubble dropped so low, they could no longer afford the trip. During that time, I learned Russian. I know how difficult it is to learn a non-native language. I wrote letters to my Russian friends. I was told to not worry about speaking absolutely perfectly, that native speakers would appreciate the fact that I was trying to learn their language and that they would know what I was trying to say. And, so it is that we understand what you were trying to say with your message. Thank you for your comment. I hope you enjoy your visit to our country. I admire your desire to learn our language. I wish you the best.

Entry number 47  Name Tariq Syed   Email Address tariqsyd@emirates.net.ae   School (if applicable) Programming professional   Country United Arab Emirates   Age Range 26-35   Sex Male   Platform & language Mozilla/4.7 [en] (WinNT; I)   IP Address 192.168.0.3   DNS dev.local   Date Mon Sep 25 18:58:03 EDT 2000   Comments Interesting site. I like it. I have been a student of sciences, that was long ago about 12 years. Didn't have Intenet then, would have surely written a lot for you. Keep up the good work. That's a really neat thing that you are doing. Just make it litle more pictorial,probably add some animations, I mean put up the carbon and hydrogen bonding effects along with the fire like explosion you already have on the main page. Give every question or an answer a visual look. I hope you understand. --------------------------------------- best wishes, Tariq Syed

Entry number 48  Name Samantha, Michelle, and Floyd   Email Address C005858@thinkquest.org   School (if applicable) Various   Country United States of America   Age Range No age selected   Sex No sex selected   Platform & language Mozilla/4.7 [en] (WinNT; I)   IP Address 192.168.0.3   DNS dev.local   Date Mon Sep 25 19:05:48 EDT 2000   Comments To comment # 47: Thanks for your comments from the UAE. Your English was very understandable and quite good. We hope to see our international opinion poll survey database fill out. Please stop by option 1 on the visitor survey and complete the ten-question survey. We want a many responses from as many countries as possible. It is so interesting to discover how people from different countries think about various issues.

Entry number 49  Name J. David Carter   Email Address carter@cmt.anl.gov   School (if applicable) Argonne National Laboratory   Country   Age Range 36-56   Sex Male   Platform & language Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 5.01; Windows NT)   IP Address 192.168.0.3   DNS dev.local   Date Tue Sep 26 12:24:20 EDT 2000   Comments Question: Should the world move from a carbon fossil fuel energy economy to a hydrogen based energy economy@ Before answering that question, I would like to give a little background of my history. I grew up in the 60's and 70's and remember well the Oil Crisis of the early 70's. Like everyone else I was upset that we were hung over a barrel of oil and wanted to find alternatives for energy. I graduated from HighSchool and joined a department at my local University named "Fuels Engineering". I was led to believe we would learn to find new fuels for the future. As it turned out the name was misleading. Really it was another Petroleum Engineering Department. I left the department highly disappointed. Somehow I have found myself working in the Energy field anyway. I've started working on Fuel Cells about 12 years ago. (Back when most people thought a fuel cell was a booster on the space shuttle.) Somehow during those years our government leaders forgot the pain we suffered during fuel shortages of the 70's (and during WWII) and they practically stopped funding research for Energy, except for a few pork barrel projects in certain areas. Now we are suffering again. I think it will be much worse than before. (I hope you have a fireplace and a wood lot.) Yes, we do need to change the economy away from fossil fuel. But to hydrogen@ I don't know. It would take billions of dollars just to change the infrastructure (gas stations, storage, pipelines)not to mention the fact that we don't have a good method of producing the hydrogen or storing it onboard the vehicle. The best form of energy source we have right now is: (gulp!) nuclear energy. Whoops! I said the "N" word. But look at it. How much energy do we use today@We can't go back to wood and coal is dirty and running out too. Natural gas wont hold us up for long either.

Entry number 50  Name Samantha, Michelle and Floyd   Email Address C005858@thinkquest.org   School (if applicable) Various   Country United States of America   Age Range No age selected   Sex No sex selected   Platform & language Mozilla/4.7 [en] (WinNT; I)   IP Address 192.168.0.4   DNS   Date Tue Sep 26 21:25:20 EDT 2000   Comments To comment #49: Thanks so much for your insights. When the rest of the country wakes up in 50 years to find the US is a 3rd world country, maybe we'll start some projects like WPA and TVA to combat absolute economic collapse during the depression. Maybe then we'll fund the research properly and start to build the infrastructure for, as Al Gore says, "to be energy independent." Unfortunately, the Vice-president does not escape some scrutiny. He is playing the middle class in the oil game, yet as we pump new wealth into Venezuela, the Washington Post reports today that Chevez is not impressed with Mr. Gore's playing to the middle. He wants to empower the "poor" countries of the world. You can read the article for yourself for the next 14 days on www.washingtonpost.com with a search on "Windfall from rising prices unifies and energizes OPEC." He condemns the $1.3 billion U.S. military aid package to Colombia as "Vietnamization" and is threatening to boycott the U.N. until, as reporter Scott Wilson puts it, "reforms place more power in the hands of poor nations." As we stated on our page, the U.S. gets 25f its oil from Venezuela. Now the U.S. State Department is deeply concerned, according to the Washington Post, over Chavez's meetings with Iraq's Hussein. The Post reports that the U.S. buys 12 of Venezuela's daily production. Venezuela sells gasoline for less than 50 cents a gallon (anywhere from $1.39 to $1.85 in the U.S.). Another thing this tremendous story points out is that Mexico, the world's fifth-largest oil producer has shifted its economy away from oil with NAFTA and the changes in trade with the U.S. Mexico feels that in the long run, allying with the U.S. will produce better growth than not. Now Mexico is worried about damage to its economy from the impact of rising oil prices in the U.S. Oil prices have quadrupled over the past year, states the article. Most commenters and defenders of hands-off government say that there will be a day when alternative sources of energy will be cheaper than oil. Yet President Clinton would release 30 million barrels of oil from the Strategic Petroleum Reserve to lower the barrel price $5 to $6 (from $30 to $32). It is not the height of winter in the U.S. yet. Coincidentally, the timing corresponded to Al Gore's passionate plea September 23rd. So, the State Department has concerns and the boss plays the middle. Will the middle class support the research, now there is a question. We have emailed every US Senator since 81500, and none will respond to us on the Kyoto Protocol (discussed on our page). All we can say, Scientist Carter, is don't lose hope. Keep on with your passion. Just as teaching in the U.S. brings low salaries, those called to that profession have to believe that what they are doing with their lives is the most important use of their intellect, abilities, and time - in spite of lack of support. Thankfully, we have some dedicated and good scientists in our country! As far as the N word, the Ukrainians would probably say that hydrogen is a safer alternative!

Entry number 51  Name Kristen   Email Address stellergurl@webtv.net   School (if applicable) Not specified: from C005858 perl email   Country United States of America   Age Range No age selected   Sex No sex selected   Platform & language Mozilla/4.7 [en] (WinNT; I)   IP Address 192.168.0.4   DNS   Date Tue Sep 26 21:34:48 EDT 2000   Comments Today at school we had this tv show we watch ever morning called channel 1. It is an educational channel. Anyway, today they showed a guy that made his own gas by using canola oil. It will only work on deisel cars, and runs for about 41 miles. If you would like to learn more about it, it is probably on their web site. channel1.com. Thank you

Entry number 52  Name Samantha, Michelle, and Floyd   Email Address C005858@thinkquest.org   School (if applicable) Various   Country United States of America   Age Range No age selected   Sex No sex selected   Platform & language Mozilla/4.7 [en] (WinNT; I)   IP Address 192.168.0.3   DNS dev.local   Date Tue Sep 26 22:12:31 EDT 2000   Comments To comment 51: The National Renewable Energy Laboratory did a study in Idaho and Washington State in 1993-1994 in making bio-diesel. It costs about $1.65 a gallon. Canola and soybeans were used. Canola oil is a relative of the mustard family. Mustard gases were outlawed after World War I. They cause respiratory irritation. The word Canola was coined. It actually is Rape Seed Oil. Like soy, rape is a weed -] so its really cheap. It makes the gloss in magazine pages. If you soak a cloth in regular, say olive oil, and another on canola, then wash them both, you will find that canola stays with the cloth through many washings. Any substance that "hangs" like that is going to be dangerous for humans. It caused the famous "mad cow" disease in England (cows were fed canola). Look how long it took to manifest! Canola oil is known as LEAR oil (Low Erucic Acid). Toxic substances in canola are formed with covalent bonds (see our page discussion). These cannot be broken down by the body. Canola oil blocks movement in humans (is in rattlesnake venom), causes cancer (see work of Nobel Prize winner, V. Euler), turns heart and kidneys into fat in rat studies, depresses the immune system like AIDs. Have you noticed how smooth Skippy peanutbutter is - canola makes it so. It is also in margarines and other processed products. It has the blessings of the U.S. government! So buy natural peanut butter and butter. Or, maybe read the label. Thanks for your comment, Kristen. We hope our discussion provides something you can take back into your classroom. Pull up NREL's site and get the full story on the bio-diesel piece. It is nrel.gov.

Entry number 53  Name Lilly   Email Address   School (if applicable)   Country USA   Age Range No age selected   Sex Female   Platform & language Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 5.5; Windows 98)   IP Address 192.168.0.3   DNS dev.local   Date Wed Sep 27 13:39:54 EDT 2000   Comments There are many other potential alternative energy sources, such as solar power, wind power, hydroelectric, nuclear fusion. Have you researched any of them@ What do you think about them@

Entry number 54  Name Samantha, Michelle, and Floyd   Email Address C005858@thinkquest.org   School (if applicable) Various   Country United States of America   Age Range No age selected   Sex No sex selected   Platform & language Mozilla/4.7 [en] (WinNT; I)   IP Address 192.168.0.3   DNS dev.local   Date Wed Sep 27 18:15:14 EDT 2000   Comments To comment #53: Click into hydrogen theory on the left menu and then click on option 4 - sources of hydrogen. Scroll down about half way. There we present some interesting statistics. First off, Mike Peavey estimates that if we were to fully develop each of the technologies you mention for electric power generation, solar would be cheapest, followed by hydro (waterfall), followed by nuclear, followed by coal. Another statistic we quote is that the entire power needs of the U.S. could be met with a 75 square mile area in Arizona with solar photo voltaic cells. Also, we quote another who feels that we have enough wind power in the U.S. to generate five times the amount of power we need. It is very possible with the technology we have presented here to generate enough hydrogen to power your car for 300 miles a day from a solar roof at your house and ordinary tap water. Also, the Sacramento mini-grid of solar cell roof tops is not pie in the sky. It is actually being done. Intel may have to turn the lights off in Silicon Valley each day to save 5C but there would be plenty of power if we developed solar and wind on the grid. With Intel's stock drop after announcing poor earnings this week, we wonder if there could have been other reasons for turning the lights off during the day. Law firms are filing serious petitions in Texas now to force the 7missions containment (Texas Code happens to have the Kyoto amounts - funny). Maybe as the 20 states have burned this summer, people are starting to think about the science of global warming again. The answer to your question, Lilly, is yes: even though this page proposes hydrogen as a solution, it is comprehensive enough to consider other alternatives. I saw an airplane on Popular Mechanics for Kids (a Canadian show) running on solar cells, mobile solutions will probably be hydrogen. They are more expensive to build (our web site quotes Chrysler: it costs $3,000 for conventional and $33,000 for hydrogen), but it could cost virtually nothing to run them! I don't know about you, but just running a car to school and extracurricular activities costs a poor student a fortune. My kids will buy a car costing $50,000 and spend nothing to run it. They'll use the Canadian techology mentioned on our page to generate the fuel at no cost. I believe solar is the best solution for electricity. The Canadians could generate enough hydrogen from hydro-plants to meet both country's needs. All we'd have to do would be to build the piping system.

Entry number 55  Name Gitte Thonesen Geil   Email Address thonesen4@forum.dk   School (if applicable) Horsens   Country Denmark   Age Range 19 - 25   Sex Female   Platform & language Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 5.01; Windows 98)   IP Address 192.168.0.3   DNS dev.local   Date Thu Sep 28 05:28:56 EDT 2000   Comments I think this is very weel don! no ells coments your sincerly Gitte Thonesen Geil, Denmark, skandinavia.

Entry number 56  Name Mary Ellen O'Connell   Email Address   School (if applicable) Ohio State University College of Law   Country USA   Age Range 36-56   Sex Female   Platform & language Mozilla/4.7 [en] (Win95; U)   IP Address 192.168.0.4   DNS   Date Thu Sep 28 16:50:50 EDT 2000   Comments Dear Samantha, Floyd,

Entry number 57  Name Patricia   Email Address patricia_short_uk@yahoo.co.uk   School (if applicable) NA   Country UK   Age Range 15 - 18   Sex Female   Platform & language Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 5.01; Windows 95)   IP Address 192.168.0.3   DNS dev.local   Date Tue Oct 3 08:05:18 EDT 2000   Comments I think that this is a cool site and so much to read and look at it is very interesting and to look around.

Entry number 58  Name Samantha, Michelle, and Floyd   Email Address C005858@thinkquest.org   School (if applicable) Various   Country United States   Age Range No age selected   Sex No sex selected   Platform & language Mozilla/4.7 [en] (WinNT; I)   IP Address 192.168.0.3   DNS dev.local   Date Tue Oct 3 20:03:01 EDT 2000   Comments To comments #57: Thanks for your kind comments. What is cool is that we are picking up new friends from many different places in the world in the process! When we looked at a time stamp yesterday and found 4 am in the morning from Japan, we realized that, even though the internet makes the world a lot smaller place, the time differences are still very real. I was encouraged to see that you could post your comment. Here in the states, we received word from a school system in Memphis, Tennessee that they couldn't get the survey to post because of all of the hits on the server in New York. I guess overseas the time difference helps. The October 2000 Fuel Cell Industry Report announced that Manhattan Scientifics was a good stock pick for the future. Many believe that fuel-cell powered mopeds, boomboxes, lap tops, cell phones, and video cameras are going to really take off in the near future! This report is also on www.stockhouse.com. If you ever are in the Washington D.C. area, email us and we'll show you around. We are hoping that more discussion will come on some of the political issues. We are sorry that due to congestion due to the site being hit, we lost the comment #56 by Mary Ellen O'Connell. We are trying to get her to resubmit it by email so we can post it at a quiet time. It will be worth waiting for. We love her work and she'll be addressing some of the issues of international law. It should be very interesting. Next year we all want to work with international students in our projects. We are finding that many responding to our page can speak three or four different languages!

Entry number 59  Name   Email Address   School (if applicable)   Country Germany   Age Range No age selected   Sex No sex selected   Platform & language Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 5.5; Windows 98; QXW03006; Vi-Interkom 1.0.2.1)   IP Address 192.168.0.4   DNS   Date Thu Oct 5 16:18:05 EDT 2000   Comments Especially in Bavaria we're very concerned about Hydrogen power, we've already got buses in use, which use Hydrogen as fuel, especially in Munich. A big energy supplier in Bavaria called "Bayernwerk" has already got a expanding network of Hydrogen fuel stations (the electricity to produce the Hydrogen is given by some fields of solar cells).

Entry number 60  Name Samantha, Michelle, and Floyd   Email Address C005858@thinkquest.org   School (if applicable) Various   Country USA   Age Range No age selected   Sex No sex selected   Platform & language Mozilla/4.7 [en] (WinNT; I)   IP Address 192.168.0.3   DNS dev.local   Date Mon Oct 9 22:09:20 EDT 2000   Comments To comment #59: Thanks for the wonderful update on the application of hydrogen energy technology in Germany. The very first hydrogen gas station in Europe was in Hamburg, Germany, February 1999! We appreciate so much the stand of the German people on this issue. We understand that the German delegation put pressure on the US delegation in the IPCC convention in Berlin. The US should know better than the rest of the world about the danger and shortfalls of continued dependence on foreign oil due to the Persian Gulf war. During the 1960s and 1970s the big oil producing nations (such as Venezuela, Kuwait, Iraq, Iran, and Saudi Arabia) nationalized the oil reserves of international companies. Governments now own 90f the world's oil reserves. They produce 70f the world's oil. We don't think that those political scientists who are advocating total hands off government really understand this reality. On the other hand, we wonder if the current candidates for the US presidency understand that countries like the US (the 30bove) cannot continue to make a significant dent in the energy dependence fight by holding on to fossil fuel status quo, business as usual. Germany is forward thinking. Germany will do well in the future economically because of this forward thinking. Reunification without economic collapse has shown the rest of the world how remarkable the German people are. We call Germany's direction "smart." Some of the trouble in the US is shear size. In smaller countries, there is an advantage in building hydrogen infrastructure. In reading some of the responses (in survey 1 - opinion poll), we wonder if the Russian people realize that oil has given Vladimir Putin most of the foreign capital inflow for his spending. The statistics in this response can be verified by going to www.washingtonpost.com for October 7, 2000 and entering a search with THE TRUTH ABOUT BIG OIL, a story by J. Robinson West. It will be available online for 14 days from October 7th.

Entry number 61  Name Samantha, Michelle, and Floyd   Email Address C005858   School (if applicable) Various   Country United States of America   Age Range No age selected   Sex No sex selected   Platform & language Mozilla/4.7 [en] (WinNT; I)   IP Address 192.168.0.4   DNS   Date Tue Oct 10 07:23:23 EDT 2000   Comments Typing corrections: to comment #60: 90 percent of the world's oil reserves are controlled by governments. 70 percent of the oil produced in the world comes from these governments. To comment 50: the US gets a quarterh of its oil from Venezuela. The US buys half of Venezuela's oil output. Venezuela would like to empower nations like Cuba and Iraq economically with its newly found wealth. Venezuela quadrupled the price it charges the US for oil just last year. The US State Department is, as our local paper, the Washington Post says, "concerned." Since August 15, 2000, the launch date for this project, none of the US Senators has responded to our emails on the status of the Kyoto Protocols. Likewise, the US presidential candidates remain silent to our page. They also remain silent to the American people on the greater issues we have discussed on this site.

Entry number 62  Name Jacqueline Page   Email Address kenobi_bal@yahoo.co.uk   School (if applicable)   Country   Age Range 15 - 18   Sex Female   Platform & language Mozilla/4.7 [en] (WinNT; I)   IP Address 192.168.0.4   DNS   Date Thu Oct 12 07:37:34 EDT 2000   Comments Posted from personal email. Team C005858 has original MIME code to prove authenticity. We are using personal email to reduce stress on the server.------------------------------- I've visited your site. I also bookmarked it in case i need any information from there. don't worry, i won't just copy it. I'll ask for your permission. anyway, i would like to compliment you on your hard work. You proved to the people that you're indeed a good person who cares for the world. thanks a lot......

Entry number 63  Name Ajit Nathaniel   Email Address ajit_nnathaniel@yahoo.com   School (if applicable)   Country India   Age Range 15 - 18   Sex No sex selected   Platform & language Mozilla/4.7 [en] (WinNT; I)   IP Address 192.168.0.4   DNS   Date Thu Oct 12 07:41:06 EDT 2000   Comments Posted from personal email. Team C005858 has original MIME codes to prove authencity. We are using personal email to relieve server stress.------------------------------ my name is ajit nathaniel and i am a student from india. thanks for your email, i visited the site and found it most educative. thanks.

Entry number 64  Name Wanyu Andito   Email Address andito82@yahoo.com   School (if applicable)   Country   Age Range 15 - 18   Sex No sex selected   Platform & language Mozilla/4.7 [en] (WinNT; I)   IP Address 192.168.0.3   DNS dev.local   Date Thu Oct 12 07:50:49 EDT 2000   Comments Posted from personal email. Team C005858 has original MIME code to prove authenticity. We are using personal email to relieve server stress.-------------------------------- I agree with you. Now, we must find the alternative gasoline for the future. I think, your country has the capability to invent it.. or maybe yourself@ Today, there isn't time for war and destroying another human in this world. Let's make peace. How about you@ See ya, Andito

Entry number 65  Name rohit   Email Address saprarohit@hotmail.com   School (if applicable)   Country india   Age Range 15 - 18   Sex Male   Platform & language Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 4.01; Windows 98)   IP Address 192.168.0.3   DNS dev.local   Date Thu Oct 12 14:24:45 EDT 2000   Comments i think your site is avery well made one it explains each and every thing clearley.i am myself a student who finds it hard to get any science terms inside my head but this side explains so clearly that even i got it in my head.

Entry number 66  Name Samantha, Michelle   Email Address   School (if applicable) 005858@thinkquest.org   Country arious   Age Range try=United States of America   Sex No age selected   Platform & language Mozilla/4.7 [en] (WinNT; I)   IP Address 192.168.0.4   DNS   Date Thu Oct 12 19:22:24 EDT 2000   Comments ex selected

Entry number 67  Name Samantha, Michelle   Email Address   School (if applicable) 005858@thinkquest.org   Country arious   Age Range try=United States of America   Sex No age selected   Platform & language Mozilla/4.7 [en] (WinNT; I)   IP Address 192.168.0.4   DNS   Date Thu Oct 12 19:24:10 EDT 2000   Comments ex selected

Entry number 68  Name Samantha, Michelle, and Floyd   Email Address C005858@thinkquest.org   School (if applicable) Various   Country USA   Age Range No age selected   Sex No sex selected   Platform & language Mozilla/4.7 [en] (WinNT; I)   IP Address 192.168.0.4   DNS   Date Thu Oct 12 19:28:52 EDT 2000   Comments To comment #64: Andito is a 17-year-old student from Jakarta, Indonesia. According to the web site maintained by the Vietnam veterans against war which is found on the vvaw subdirectory of www.prairienet.org, the Vietnam war divided Americans like no other war, other than its own civil war during Abraham Lincoln's presidency. Patricia Dixon, a ChileanAmerican classical guitarists on staff at Wake Forest University teaches a course featuring the war protest songs with link that helps one understand the conflict. Apparently most young Americans thought that the war was for the sake of supporting a military-industrial complex, driven by a government bent on supporting economic interests of big business at the expense of young lives. As you have seen from their comments on our page, most American political scientists find it virtuous to have "hands off" government in a free enterprise system. When push came to shove in the Vietnam era, many preferred a more passive deplomacy to their liking, albeit the bullets were real, we have no doubt. This has affected policy to date, where American would prefer "economic sanctions" to war. But from Vietnam history, it appears that Americans rally around human rights issues more readily than around big business economic interests from a cultural standpoint, perhaps. Now the US State Department is faced with yet another "concern" as a US Naval boat is targeted by terrorists. We're in agreement with you, Andito, we'd rather see money spent to develop energy independence rather than on a military defense complex to maintain dependency. The trouble is, how do the oil companies recoup their drilling and exploration costs during the transition. You, see, this is our beef with George Bush. It is a dangerous and vicious political cycle, is it not. Why egg them on. But , Andito, did you know that in your neck of the woods, the South China Sea, the US Department of Energy reports huge oil reserves. Exactly who lays claim to those reserves (billions of gallons) is up in the air. Will Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore, Vietnam, and the Philippines calmly resolve the claims or will there be a little conflict. (commenter #62 above is from Selangor, Malaysia). Students would do well to check the DOE's "South China Sea Territorial Issues" section of their January 2000 report on that region. China claims all of the reserves are in her waters. The DOE page goes into the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea. It is very interesting reading, but more importantly, it is important for future leaders of all the countries in your neck of the woods to become conversant on these issues. As far as our solving the fossil fuel problem, both US candidates for the Presidency don't understand that success in the USA has to come from programs that are pushed down to the states. The country is too big for the federal government to create the infrastructure. Only two states are concerned: California and Nevada. Las Vegas attracts people from virtually all over the world. It is in a valley where thermal inversions make it dangerous to even attempt to go outside (the wind does not blow away the fossil fuel pollutants). To the young upcoming Chinese leaders who are now students, we say, consider the pollution in China that is becoming more and more noticeable now. With a continued policy of using coal to fuel your economic expansion, you will have a major air quality problem with associated long-term health risks. We have to develop alternatives gradually in the next 10 to 15 years. Beyond that we face crisis. It will be too late. If the world is developing alternatives while the price cross point (where hydrogensolar is the same cost as fossil fuel), the transition will not be crisis but smooth and downhill from there on after. Reread comment 59 if you still think this is a pipe dream. The Germans are doing it!

Entry number 69  Name Jonathan Foo   Email Address jonathanfhs@email.com   School (if applicable)   Country Malacca, Malaysia   Age Range 15 - 18   Sex Male   Platform & language Mozilla/4.7 [en] (WinNT; I)   IP Address 192.168.0.4   DNS   Date Sat Oct 14 11:58:05 EDT 2000   Comments Yes, you're right. Burning of oil is really one of the causes which is destroying our Mother Earth. I heard that there was a place where the ozone has a big hole. It's causing the global warming. Now, I really don't have much time to visit your site because my final exam is coming soon next month. Anyway, I'll visit it when I have time. Well, Malaysia was a unique country, because of the first three different races live in a country. They're Malay, Chinese and Indian. Beside, there are other races like Kadazan, Iban, where they live in Sarawak and Sabah, east of Malaysia. Malaysia is divided in to 13 states and 1 district (Kuala Lumpur). There're 12 states and Kuala Lumpur( also the capital of Malaysia) and another two(Sabah

Entry number 70  Name Kader Oussaber   Email Address ka.ouss@caramail.com   School (if applicable)   Country Kenitra, Malaysia   Age Range 15 - 18   Sex Male   Platform & language Mozilla/4.7 [en] (WinNT; I)   IP Address 192.168.0.4   DNS   Date Sun Oct 15 14:39:34 EDT 2000   Comments How are you@ I'm Oussaber Abdelkader. I live in morocco from kenitra(city) and thank you for this site.--------------------------------------------- Posted from personal email. Team C005858 has original MIME headers to prove authencity. Personal email was used to reduce server stress.

Entry number 71  Name Samantha, Michelle and Floyd   Email Address C005858@thinkquest.org   School (if applicable) Various   Country United States of America   Age Range No age selected   Sex No sex selected   Platform & language Mozilla/4.7 [en] (WinNT; I)   IP Address 192.168.0.3   DNS dev.local   Date Sun Oct 15 14:44:06 EDT 2000   Comments To comment #62: See comment #7 above. We believe the guidance there is pretty good. Thinkquest is pretty liberal on materials used for educational purposes. They have published rules on their site.

Entry number 72  Name Michelle Alga   Email Address alga@crosslink.net   School (if applicable) Chesapeake Bay Governor's School   Country United States of America   Age Range 15 - 18   Sex Female   Platform & language Mozilla/4.7 [en] (WinNT; I)   IP Address 192.168.0.3   DNS dev.local   Date Tue Oct 17 17:23:38 EDT 2000   Comments I wish to thank everyone who visited our site this year. I'd also like to thank the many public schools that included our page as a part of their curriculum this year. I'd also like to thank the many international students that visited. Please continue to write me. I've enjoyed so much getting to know you, your cultures, and countries! I am now going to work on next year's project. It will be my 4th and final year. I am looking for students who are fluent in English, Japanese, German, French, and Spanish. It is another social science page. Over the past three years my projects have never won anything so I can team up with finalists. I really want to work with international students next year. I generally takes 10 hours a weekend and every free moment in the summer - about 1,200 hours to work up one of these projects. Lastly, thanks coaches; I appreciate your interest and support. As said above, I am now working on my next year's project, and will not be supporting this project. Email me at alga@crosslink.net.

Entry number 73  Name   Email Address   School (if applicable)   Country   Age Range 15 - 18   Sex No sex selected   Platform & language Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 5.01; Windows NT 5.0)   IP Address 192.168.0.4   DNS   Date Wed Oct 18 13:49:10 EDT 2000   Comments

Entry number 74  Name   Email Address   School (if applicable)   Country   Age Range No age selected   Sex No sex selected   Platform & language Mozilla/4.73 [en] (WinNT; I)   IP Address 129.105.243.37   DNS   Date Wed Jan 24 12:10:17 EST 2001   Comments

Entry number 75  Name   Email Address   School (if applicable)   Country eygypt   Age Range Over 56   Sex Female   Platform & language Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 5.5; Windows 95)   IP Address 212.229.167.69   DNS   Date Wed Mar 14 09:06:42 EST 2001   Comments i am bob the builder. i am concerned about the environment because your web site is polluting it.

Entry number 76  Name bgft   Email Address vfr   School (if applicable) bgt   Country eygypt   Age Range Over 56   Sex Female   Platform & language Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 5.5; Windows 95)   IP Address 212.229.167.69   DNS   Date Wed Mar 14 09:08:27 EST 2001   Comments bgtrnhtrnhfhbfbgstdtssssssssssssshygtbgfdv dsvcsrgebgfnhygxhgfh fjdhndhfbgtrnhtrnhfhbfbgstdtssssssssssssshygtbgfdv dsvcsrgebgfnhygxhgfh fjdhndhfbgtrnhtrnhfhbfbgstdtssssssssssssshygtbgfdv dsvcsrgebgfnhygxhgfh fjdhndhfbgtrnhtrnhfhbfbgstdtssssssssssssshygtbgfdv dsvcsrgebgfnhygxhgfh fjdhndhfbgtrnhtrnhfhbfbgstdtssssssssssssshygtbgfdv dsvcsrgebgfnhygxhgfh fjdhndhfbgtrnhtrnhfhbfbgstdtssssssssssssshygtbgfdv dsvcsrgebgfnhygxhgfh fjdhndhfbgtrnhtrnhfhbfbgstdtssssssssssssshygtbgfdv dsvcsrgebgfnhygxhgfh fjdhndhfbgtrnhtrnhfhbfbgstdtssssssssssssshygtbgfdv dsvcsrgebgfnhygxhgfh fjdhndhfbgtrnhtrnhfhbfbgstdtssssssssssssshygtbgfdv dsvcsrgebgfnhygxhgfh fjdhndhfbgtrnhtrnhfhbfbgstdtssssssssssssshygtbgfdv dsvcsrgebgfnhygxhgfh fjdhndhfbgtrnhtrnhfhbfbgstdtssssssssssssshygtbgfdv dsvcsrgebgfnhygxhgfh fjdhndhfbgtrnhtrnhfhbfbgstdtssssssssssssshygtbgfdv dsvcsrgebgfnhygxhgfh fjdhndhfbgtrnhtrnhfhbfbgstdtssssssssssssshygtbgfdv dsvcsrgebgfnhygxhgfh fjdhndhfbgtrnhtrnhfhbfbgstdtssssssssssssshygtbgfdv dsvcsrgebgfnhygxhgfh fjdhndhfbgtrnhtrnhfhbfbgstdtssssssssssssshygtbgfdv dsvcsrgebgfnhygxhgfh fjdhndhfbgtrnhtrnhfhbfbgstdtssssssssssssshygtbgfdv dsvcsrgebgfnhygxhgfh fjdhndhfbgtrnhtrnhfhbfbgstdtssssssssssssshygtbgfdv dsvcsrgebgfnhygxhgfh fjdhndhfbgtrnhtrnhfhbfbgstdtssssssssssssshygtbgfdv dsvcsrgebgfnhygxhgfh fjdhndhfbgtrnhtrnhfhbfbgstdtssssssssssssshygtbgfdv dsvcsrgebgfnhygxhgfh fjdhndhfbgtrnhtrnhfhbfbgstdtssssssssssssshygtbgfdv dsvcsrgebgfnhygxhgfh fjdhndhfbgtrnhtrnhfhbfbgstdtssssssssssssshygtbgfdv dsvcsrgebgfnhygxhgfh fjdhndhfbgtrnhtrnhfhbfbgstdtssssssssssssshygtbgfdv dsvcsrgebgfnhygxhgfh fjdhndhfbgtrnhtrnhfhbfbgstdtssssssssssssshygtbgfdv dsvcsrgebgfnhygxhgfh fjdhndhfbgtrnhtrnhfhbfbgstdtssssssssssssshygtbgfdv dsvcsrgebgfnhygxhgfh fjdhndhfbgtrnhtrnhfhbfbgstdtssssssssssssshygtbgfdv dsvcsrgebgfnhygxhgfh fjdhndhfbgtrnhtrnhfhbfbgstdtssssssssssssshygtbgfdv dsvcsrgebgfnhygxhgfh fjdhndhfbgtrnhtrnhfhbfbgstdtssssssssssssshygtbgfdv dsvcsrgebgfnhygxhgfh fjdhndhfbgtrnhtrnhfhbfbgstdtssssssssssssshygtbgfdv dsvcsrgebgfnhygxhgfh fjdhndhfbgtrnhtrnhfhbfbgstdtssssssssssssshygtbgfdv dsvcsrgebgfnhygxhgfh fjdhndhfbgtrnhtrnhfhbfbgstdtssssssssssssshygtbgfdv dsvcsrgebgfnhygxhgfh fjdhndhfbgtrnhtrnhfhbfbgstdtssssssssssssshygtbgfdv dsvcsrgebgfnhygxhgfh fjdhndhfbgtrnhtrnhfhbfbgstdtssssssssssssshygtbgfdv dsvcsrgebgfnhygxhgfh fjdhndhfbgtrnhtrnhfhbfbgstdtssssssssssssshygtbgfdv dsvcsrgebgfnhygxhgfh fjdhndhfbgtrnhtrnhfhbfbgstdtssssssssssssshygtbgfdv dsvcsrgebgfnhygxhgfh fjdhndhfbgtrnhtrnhfhbfbgstdtssssssssssssshygtbgfdv dsvcsrgebgfnhygxhgfh fjdhndhfbgtrnhtrnhfhbfbgstdtssssssssssssshygtbgfdv dsvcsrgebgfnhygxhgfh fjdhndhfbgtrnhtrnhfhbfbgstdtssssssssssssshygtbgfdv dsvcsrgebgfnhygxhgfh fjdhndhfbgtrnhtrnhfhbfbgstdtssssssssssssshygtbgfdv dsvcsrgebgfnhygxhgfh fjdhndhfbgtrnhtrnhfhbfbgstdtssssssssssssshygtbgfdv dsvcsrgebgfnhygxhgfh fjdhndhfbgtrnhtrnhfhbfbgstdtssssssssssssshygtbgfdv dsvcsrgebgfnhygxhgfh fjdhndhfbgtrnhtrnhfhbfbgstdtssssssssssssshygtbgfdv dsvcsrgebgfnhygxhgfh fjdhndhfbgtrnhtrnhfhbfbgstdtssssssssssssshygtbgfdv dsvcsrgebgfnhygxhgfh fjdhndhfbgtrnhtrnhfhbfbgstdtssssssssssssshygtbgfdv dsvcsrgebgfnhygxhgfh fjdhndhfbgtrnhtrnhfhbfbgstdtssssssssssssshygtbgfdv dsvcsrgebgfnhygxhgfh fjdhndhfbgtrnhtrnhfhbfbgstdtssssssssssssshygtbgfdv dsvcsrgebgfnhygxhgfh fjdhndhfbgtrnhtrnhfhbfbgstdtssssssssssssshygtbgfdv dsvcsrgebgfnhygxhgfh fjdhndhfbgtrnhtrnhfhbfbgstdtssssssssssssshygtbgfdv dsvcsrgebgfnhygxhgfh fjdhndhfbgtrnhtrnhfhbfbgstdtssssssssssssshygtbgfdv dsvcsrgebgfnhygxhgfh fjdhndhfbgtrnhtrnhfhbfbgstdtssssssssssssshygtbgfdv dsvcsrgebgfnhygxhgfh fjdhndhfbgtrnhtrnhfhbfbgstdtssssssssssssshygtbgfdv dsvcsrgebgfnhygxhgfh fjdhndhfbgtrnhtrnhfhbfbgstdtssssssssssssshygtbgfdv dsvcsrgebgfnhygxhgfh fjdhndhf

Entry number 77  Name   Email Address   School (if applicable)   Country United States   Age Range Over 56   Sex Male   Platform & language Mozilla/4.73 (Macintosh; U; PPC)   IP Address 208.59.249.9   DNS   Date Wed May 9 23:51:28 EDT 2001   Comments Hydrogen's toughest battle will not be practical but political. Oil companies will certainly oppose this as it is sure to consign petroleum's use to a minor role and of course diminished revenues. The taxes collected on gasoline funds the roads and bridges used for transportation. Their will be a host of losers. Nevertheless hydrogen will eventually make its way to the public. I have recently read the info at the website of HERI (Hydro Environmental Resources, Inc., 2006 Oak Creek Place, Hayward, CA 94541) They have developed a way to make hydrogen economically with their patented device named ElectroChem Hydrogen Fuel Reactor. (ECHFR) This reactor produces electricity and pure water from any water source. I have never seen this invention mentioned in any news source. I recommend reading all the information that they have presented. If it is genuine, then this is the thing that could change the way the planet is powered.

Entry number 78  Name   Email Address   School (if applicable) ebms   Country USA   Age Range 9 - 14   Sex Female   Platform & language Mozilla/4.5 [en] (Win98; I)   IP Address 209.149.228.2   DNS   Date Wed Jan 16 09:59:11 EST 2002   Comments you have done a very good job!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Entry number 79  Name   Email Address   School (if applicable)   Country   Age Range No age selected   Sex No sex selected   Platform & language Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows 98; Win 9x 4.90)   IP Address 200.40.137.238   DNS   Date Mon Oct 28 10:05:51 EST 2002   Comments this page sux.

Entry number 80  Name Pankaj Degaonkar   Email Address psdspd@vsnl.com   School (if applicable) Management   Country Consultants   Age Range try=India   Sex 36-56   Platform & language Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 4.0; Windows 95)   IP Address 148.87.130.61   DNS   Date Wed Feb 19 11:36:57 EST 2003   Comments

Entry number 81  Name   Email Address   School (if applicable)   Country   Age Range No age selected   Sex No sex selected   Platform & language Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1)   IP Address 148.87.130.61   DNS   Date Mon Nov 24 07:30:58 EST 2003   Comments

Entry number 82  Name   Email Address   School (if applicable)   Country   Age Range   Sex   Platform & language WEP Search 00   IP Address 148.87.130.61   DNS   Date Thu Apr 7 15:05:51 EDT 2005   Comments

Entry number 83  Name   Email Address   School (if applicable)   Country   Age Range   Sex   Platform & language Missigua Locator 1.9   IP Address 148.87.130.61   DNS   Date Thu Apr 21 01:50:31 EDT 2005   Comments

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