Max Born (1882-1970) was a pioneer in developing quantum mechanics.He received his doctorate in 1907 from Gottingen (Germany) . In 1915 he accepted a position at the University of Berlin and became a colleague and friend of Max Planck and Albert Einstein. In 1921, Born was appointed director of the Physical Institute at Gottingen. From the years 1921 Born attempted to develop a new quantum mechanics in collaboration with his students and assistants Werner Heisenberg,

Max Born Credit:AIP

Pascual Jordan, and Wolfgang Pauli. When Heisenberg succeeded in 1925, Born and others were able to advance the theory, using more systematic and powerful mathematics. For Born's interpretation of the square of Schrodinger's wave function as the probability of an electron's position, and for his further clarification of the wave-particle duality, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for physics in 1954. Born lost his professorship with Hitler's rise to power and was appointed (1936) to a chair at the University of Edinburgh, which he held until 1953.