Ci --- (English translation) a kind of Chinese literature which has a regular rhyming pattern. There is no word limit in each line

 

Civil service esamination -- an ancient public examination system of China in which the top three can be government officials

 

Fa hao --- (English translation) the new name of a person after he becomes a Buddhist monk

 

Hai denomination --- (English translation) a group of artists which sold their paintings in Shanghai in late Qing. Their paintings look commercial.

 

Hieroglyphics --- n. symbols in the form of pictures which are used in some writing systems

 

Jie hua --- (English translation) paintings of scenes in a city, bridges and transportation

 

King --- n. In ancient China, a "king" is a relative of the emperor. He does not have the power to rule like the emperor

 

Leftover ming painters -- artists that are yi min

 

Light reddish landscapes --- landscape paintings that are finished in light brown

 

Mi Shi Shui Shan --- (English translation) a special style in landscape painting which was created by Mi Fu and his son in Song. It was used to paint misty and humid scenery.

 

Morbid --- adj. Unhealthy.

 

Yi min --- (English translation) people that remained loyal to the Ming dynasty in Qing