Abstinence - avoiding intercourse -- contra
Accessory reproductive organs - system of ducts through which gametes are transported and the associated glands which are directly involved in reproduction
Acrosome - cytoplamic vesicle containing hydrolytic enzymes, located at the head of sperm
Acrosome - cytoplamic vesicle containing hydrolytic enzymes, located at the head of sperm
Allele - Alternative form of a gene. One of the different forms of a gene that can exist at a single locus.
Allergy - medical condition that produce an unfavorable reaction to certain materials
Amenorrhea - Infrequent or complete lack of menstruation
Androgen - any chemical with testosterone-like action
Anovulation - complete lack of ovulation
Artificial Insemination (AI) - techniques used to introduce sperms into a woman's body through means other than sexual intercourse.
Bone fracture - breaking or cracking of bone
Buffer - agent which maintains a fairly constant pH upon addition of small amount of alkali or acid
Cardiovascular diseases - diseases related to heart and blood vessels
Cervix - the opening into the mammalian uterus -- physi
Chorionic gonadotropin - protein hormone secreted by trophoblastic cells of blastocyst and placenta; maintain secretory activity of corpus luteum during the first three months of pregnancy
Chromatids - daughter chromosomes formed after duplication of chromosomes -- genetics
Chromosome - A linear end-to-end arrangement of genes and other DNA, sometimes with associated protein and RNA. The form of the genetic material in viruses and cells. A circle of DNA in prokaryotes; a DNA or an RNA molecule in viruses; a linear nucleoprotein complex in eukaryotes.
Chromosomes - thread-like structures made up of protein and DNA molecules seen in dividing cells-genetics
Clone - genetically identical cell
Coitally independent - not required to apply each time of intercourse
Coitus - sexual intercourse
Conceptus - collectively term for fertilized egg and all its derivatives throughout pregnancy
Copulation - sexual intercourse
Corpus luteum - the yellow body formed from Graafian follicle after ovulation -- physi
Courtship - action of animals trying to win a mate and copulate
Demographers - experts studying statistics about population to show the state of a community
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) - An antiparallel double helix of nucleotides (having deoxyribose as their sugars) linked by phosphodiester (sugar-phosphate) bonds to adjacent nucleotides in the same chain and by hydrogen bonds to complementary nucleotides in the opposite chain. The fundamental substance of which genes are composed.
Diploid - The state of having each chromosome in two copies per nucleus or cell. A cell having two chromosome sets, or an individual having two chromosome sets in each of its cells.
DNA - an organic molecule which contains the genetic message or information -genetics
Douches - stream of fluid into the vagina for medical or contraceptive purposes
Ejaculation- the process of passing semen out of the male reproductive system-
Embryogenesis - formation of embryo from zygote
Endometrium - glandular epithelium lining uterine cavity
Endometrium - lining of the uterus.
Estrogen - a hormone which promotes the development of secondary sexual characteristics in women and stimulates thickening of the lining of the uterus during the last part of the cycle.
Exocytosis - process in which intracellular vesicle fuses with plasma membrane, the vesicle then opens and releases its contents into the extracellular fluid
Fallopian tube - a part of the female reproductive system between the ovarian funnel and the uterus-- physi-
Flaccid - soft and not firm
Follicle - a hollow body which houses a developing egg inside the mammalian ovary -- physi
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH) - two hormones, released by the pituitary gland, that stimulate development of an egg in the ovary. A surge of LH at mid-cycle causes release of an egg from the most mature or "dominant" follicle.
Follicles - fluid-filled sacs in the ovaries in which eggs grow.
Fraternal - of the father side
FSH - protein hormone secreted by anterior pituitary glands, a gonadotropin
Gene - segregating and heritable determinant of the phenotype. The fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity, which carries information from one generation to the next. A segment of DNA, composed of a transcribed region and regulatory sequences that make possible transcription.
Genitalia - reproductive organ
Genotype - The specific allelic composition of a cell, either of the entire cell or more commonly for a certain gene or a set of genes. The genes that an organism possesses.
Gland - group of epithelial cells specialized for secretion
Gonadotropin releasing hormone - hormone that stimulates LH and FSH production by anterior pituitary gland
Haploid - The state of having one copy of each chromosome per nucleus or cell. A cell having one chromosome set, or an organism composed of such cells.
Hypophysiotropic hormone - hormone controlling secretion of an anterior pituitary hormone
Hyporesponsive - failing to respond well
Impediment - device that hinder or obstruct movement
Implantation - embedding of blastocyst into the endometrium of the uterus -- pregnancy
In vitro - In an experimental situation outside the organism. Biological or chemical work done in the test tube (literally in glass) rather than in living systems.
In vivo - In a living cell or organism
Infertility - the inability of a couple to achieve conception or to bring a pregnancy to term after a year or more of regular and unprotected intercourse.
Labor - contraction of uterus during childbirth
Lactating - pregnancy
Leydig cell - testosterone secreting endocrine cell lying between seminiferous tubules
LH - peptide hormone secreted by anterior pituitary; gonadotropin which initiates ovulation in female
Ligaments - tough flexible tissue connecting bones and hold organs in position
Lubricated - put fluid onto something so that it moves more smoothly and easily
Maternal - of the mother side
Meiosis - Two successive nuclear divisions (with corresponding cell divisions) that produce haploid gametes (in animals) or haploid sexual spores (in plants and fungi) having one-half of the genetic material of the original cell. The nuclear and cell division process in diploid eukaryotes that results in four haploid gametes or spores having one member of each original pair of homologous chromosomes only per nucleus.
Menstrual cycle - physi
Menstruating - physi, menstrual cycle
Menstruation - flow of menstrual fluid from uterus
Mitochondria - cytoplasmic organelle that produces most of the cell's ATP to provide energy
Mitosis - process in cell division in which DNA is duplicated and in identical set of chromosome is passed to each daughter cell
Mitotic division - see mitosis
Myometrium - uterus smooth muscle
Myotonia - increased muscle tension-
Nausea - feeling of sickness or disgust
Nourished - kept alive and well with food
Nucleotide - Subunit that polymerizes into nucleic acids (DNA or RNA). Each nucleotide consists of a nitrogenous base; a sugar; and one to three phosphate groups.
Oligomenorrhea - infrequent or irregular ovulation
Orgasm - inner emotions and systemic physiological changes that mark climax of sexual intercourse
Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome (OHSS) - a serious medical event characterized by rapid accumulation of fluid in the abdomen or lungs, early signs of which include severe pelvic pain, nausea, vomiting, and weight gain.-
Ovulation - the process in the female reproductive cycle where an egg develops and is released from an ovary / the expulsion of an egg from a mature ovarian follicle.
Ovulation induction - a procedure in which fertility drugs are given to stimulate ovarian activity in women who are not ovulating normally.-
Penis - a male organ for copulation -- physi
Peristalsis - progressive wave of muscle contraction to move substances along the tube
Phenotype -
Pituitary - endocrine gland that lies below the brain and is responsible for secreting a number of hormones
Primordial - primitive
Progesterone - steroid hormone secreted by corpus luteum and placenta; stimulates uterine gland secretion and breast growth
Prolactic receptor - neuron ending responsible for picking up stimuli from prolactin, hormone inducing milk secretion
Proliferation - growth in size
Proteolytic - break down protein
Puberty - the time of onset of menstruation -- physi
Reflex action - unlearned biological control system linking stimuli with response through a reflex arc
Seminiferous tubules - hollow tubes which give rise to sperms inside the mammalian testis -- physi-
Sertoli cell - cell directly associated with the developing gametes in, and secretes fluid into seminiferous tubules; mediates hormonal effects on tubule
Spermatogenesis - the process of sperm production -- physi
Sphincter - ring of smooth muscle that surrou8nds a tube, closing tube as muscle contract
STDs - STDs
Suppository - piece of medicinal substance placed in the vagina to dissolve
Sympathetic - autonomic
Ultrasound - a monitoring technique in which sound waves are used to produce a picture of the ovaries.
Uterus - a part of the female reproductive system to allow the embedding of fertilized egg -- physi-
Varicocele - the presence of varicose veins in the scrotum
Vas deferens - sperm cord -- physi
Vascularized - filling with blood
Vasoconstriction - decrease in blood vessel diameter as a result of vascular smooth-muscle contraction
Zona pellucida - the tissue covering the egg -- physi
Zygote - the cell formed from the fusion of a sperm with an egg -- pregnancy