A B C D E F H I L M N P Q S T U

A

amphetamines

a drug used in medicine and by people wanting excitment

analgesics

a substance which make one unable to feel pain or relieve pain

Apnea

This is a relatively rare but serious sleep disorder. In sleep apnea, the individual stops breathing while asleep. There are two main reasons for apnea attacks. One reason is that the brain fails to send a "breathe" signal to the diaphragm and other breathing muscles, thus causing breathing to stop. The other reason is that muscles at the top of the throat become too relaxed, allowing the windpipe to partially close, thereby forcing the breathing muscles to pull harder on incoming air, which causes the airway to completely collapse. During an apnea, the oxygen level of the blood drops dramatically, leading to the secretion of emergency hormones. This reaction causes the sleeper to awaken in order to begin breathing again. Apnea, in most cases, has been found to be an inherited trait.

arthritis

a disease causing pain and swelling in the joints of the body

B

beta waves

These are found mainly in adults who are awake, alert, whose eyes are open and who may be concentrating on some task or other activity. They are most reliably recorded from the front and middle of the scalp, and are related to activity in the sensory and motor cortex.

C

cessation

a short pause or a stop; act of ceasing

chronic

(of a disease) continual; lasting a long time, suffering from a disease or illness over a long time.

coincidental

resulting from a coincidence, events happened by chance

contagious

(of a disease) that can be passed from one person to another by touch

D

delta waves

These are dominant waves of deep, dreamless sleep, which take place in stages three and four of sleep.

E

electroencephalograph

(EEG) A machine that detects and records electrical activity in the brain by registering potential differences between electrodes placed on the scalp, arising as a result of currents in the brain. Modern EEG machines register as many as 16 'channels' of brain activity on a multi-pen recorder (a polygraph). EEG signals are distinguished by their frequency and by the region in which they arise. For example, alpha waves (8-13 Hz) arise in the occipital region and are associated with states of relaxation; beta waves (15-30 Hz) arise in the frontal region. The technique can be used in neurology to diagnose disordered activity of the brain caused by epilepsy, and sometimes local disorders, such as a tumour.

F

folklore

the study of all the knowledge, beliefs, habits, etc., of a racial or national group, still preserved by memory, or in use from earlier and simpler times.

free association

method of analysis in which a person says the first word that comes to his mind in response to one spoken by the analyst.

H

hallucinate

vivid dreamlike visions experienced by some patients of narcolepsy.

hyperthyroidism

subnormal activity of the thyroid gland

hypnosis

a sleep-like state in which a person's mind and actions can be controlled by another person

Hypnotism

the practice of hypnotizing someone

I

impaired

to spoil or weaken

inherent

forming a natural part ( of a set of qualities, a character, etc...)

insomnia

This is one of the more common sleeping disorders where a person is either unable or afraid to go to sleep. This disorder is also sometimes caused by sickness of disease.

irritability

easily made angry by small things

introspection

Introspection (Latin, 'looking inwards') is the faculty by which one is aware of one's own mental states and not other people's. One introspects that one is in pain, that one is hungry, and that one is becoming angry although one has yet to express one's anger behaviourally. One does not always acquire knowledge of one's own mental states by introspection. One may learn that one is angry with a friend by inferring this from the way in which one keeps avoiding them, and not by introspecting the anger one has repressed, in just the way that one can infer how someone else is feeling from their behaviour.

L

lucid

A dream in which the dreamer becomes aware that they are dreaming, and can carry on the dream with unbroken awareness. Dreaming in this state is a skill which can be learned. Lucid dreams, like all dreams, usually occur during REM sleep. Most of us have had a lucid dream during our life, whether we remember it from childhood (a high-level lucid dream) or from two days ago (a low-level lucid dream).

M

manifest

clear and obvious

masturbation

give one pleasure by stimulating the genitals

metaphysical

of branch of philosophy dealing with the nature of existence, truth and knowledge.

N

Narlecopsy

This is a severe sleeping disorder. A person who has narcolepsy may fall asleep while writing a letter, driving a car, or carrying on a conversation. Individuals with this dysfunction have recurring, irresistible attacks of drowsiness, and simply fall asleep at inappropriate times. These can occur for a period of a few seconds anywhere to 30 minutes and in severe cases occur several times in a day.

neuron

another name for nerve cell

Neuro-physiological

the study of the complex chemical and physical changes that are associated with the activity of the nervous system.

nightmare

Nightmares are dreams that usually occur in the last three hours of sleep during a REM period. Nightmares are terrifying dreams in which our worst fears are brought to life in convincing detail. Nightmares are almost always long and intense. Some people may wake up after a nightmare in a cold sweat and can sometimes keep people from getting a good nights sleep. But as all problem dreams they can be overcome by facing up to what they can mean in your life.

noradrenalin

A hormone produced by the adrenal glands and also secreted from nerve endings in the sympathetic nervous system as a chemical transmitter of nerve impulses. Many of its general actions are similar to those of adrenaline, but it is more concerned with maintaining normal body activity than with preparing the body for emergencies.

P

paradoxical

seems to be absurd or contradictory but is or may be true.

perpetuate

to cause somthing to continue.

preoccupation

absent-mindness

Psychology

The science that deals with mental processes and behavior.

psychotherapy

treatment of mental disorders by psychological methods.

Q

quiescent

adjective of motionless. Silent, quiet, still, hushed, insensible, soundless, placid, tranquil, calm

S

sedatives

drug for making an anxious person feel calm.

serendipitous

The finding of one thing while engaged in a search for something else.

serotonin

A compound , derived from the amino acid tryptophan, that affects the diameter of blood vessels and also functions as a neurotransmitter. A neurotransmitter found in neural pathways of peripheral ganglia and in the central nervous system. Also known as 5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT, it is an inhibitory transmitter whose actions have been implicated in various processes including sleep, pain and the psychobiology of various affective disorders, specifically depression and bipolar disorder.

subconscious

the thoughts, instincts, fears, etc in the mind, that one is not fully aware but influence one's action.

susceptible

easily influenced or harmed by somthing.

symptom

change in the body that indicates an illness

T

theology

formal study of the nature of God and of the foundations of religious belief.

theta waves

(4 - 7 cycles per second) brainwaves found in adults who are extremely relaxed. They are associated with creativity, high suggestibility, and flashes of inspiration.

tranquilizers

drug for making an anxious person feel calm; sedative

transient

lasting for only a short time; brief; fleeting

U

unconscious

insensible; not knowing what is going on around one because one is unable to use bodily senses and mental power.