Jews were not, by any calculation, mainly village-dwellers at this time. In fact, two-fifths of Polish Jews lived with more than 10000 other Jews. Jews were one-third to one-fourth of five big cities: Warsaw, Lodz, Vilno, Cracow, and Lvov. Generally, though, Jews did stick to ethnically homogenous neighborhoods. There were 233,000 Lodz Jews in '39, which was approximately one-third of Lodz at the time. Even in the hustling big cities, Jews still respected their heritage. For example, as late as 1922, 90% of businesses closed on the Sabbath. Some of the factories did employ people, yet many had gentile partners which were allowed to operate the facility. Sabbath observance in the big cities was that much more impressive because the gentiles typically came into town for big purchases on Saturday. The potential of significant profits from Sabbath sales was very large, yet almost all stores were closed. In the big cities, it would seem easier for larger groups of people to let some fall through the cracks. This was the opposite with the Polish Jewish community. Even in the Lodz Ghetto itself, there ran 5-7 hospitals, five pharmacies, and several special infirmaries. Again, even in the ghetto, there were 45 primary religious and secular schools, two high schools, and one vocational school. There were also two old age homes, a department of social welfare to give small sums to the poorest, an orphanage, and a children's camp fitting 1500 kids. Of course, once the Germans liquidated Lodz from June to August 1944, everything was lost. Only 800 plus some hiders remained by January 1945. 50,000 returned by the end of 1946, but over half left for Israel between '46 and '50. There was another Israel wave in '56-'57, and only a few thousand Jews and a few cultural programs remained until '68-'69, when almost all Jews left Poland's cities.