In 1804, a new war broke out between Russia and Persia, which lasted for 10 years. The Armenian people supported the Russian troops and opposed the Persians. In October 1812, General Kotliarovski brought victory to Russia when he attacked Persian troops on the bank the Arax River. As a result of this victory, a peace treaty, called the Gyulistan Treaty was signed on October 12, 1813. According to the treaty, parts of east Armenia, including Gyulistan, Shaki, Shirvan, and other regions were yielded to Russian control. The City of Erivan and the Nakhichevan khanates regions, as well as the town of Echmiadzin, became part of Russia after the second Russian--Persian war in 1826-1828. During the second war, 1826-1828, Russians and Armenians battled near Shushi, and in Jevanbulagh, on the banks of the Arax River. On October 1, 1827 Russian troops attacked the Erivan fortress and forced a victory. Both sides signed the Turkmenchai Peace Treaty on February 10, 1828. According to the treaty east Armenia went to Russia. Persia had to pay a 20-million-rouble contribution. The Armenian people were also allowed to migrate from Persia to Russia. More than 90 thousand people migrated to Russia and other East Armenian regions following the signed treaty. In the city of Oshakan and Sardarapat, monuments stand to commemorate these various bitter war battles. In March 1828, the Armenian district was formed, which included the city of Erivan, the Nakhichevan regions, and the Ordubad district. In 1849, the Erivan province remained composed of Erivan, Nakhichevan, Alexandropolis, Nor-Bayazet, and the Ordubad region. The rest of East Armenian lands were joined with the Tiflis and Elizavetpolis provinces. This division remained unchanged until 1917. In the West, Armenia remained under Persian Prince Abdul-Hamid's tyrannical rule. The Armenian people faced a trying time of moral and physical annihilation. Their lives and property were in danger. Targeted, Armenians were maliciously and deliberately killed, robbed, humiliated, and sent into financial and social ruin. Several rebellions broke out during this time due to the circumstances. In 1862, Zeytun rebelled, in 1863 the city of Mush, and in 1872 the Van area experienced rebellion. In 1877, Turkey attacked Russia. Russian troops fought in different regions of Western Armenia. As a result, Russia invaded Kars, Ardahan, Batumi, and other cities and towns. In February 1878, the Russians invaded Karin. Turkey eventually had to compromise to a peace treaty. The points in the San-Stephano Treaty of 1878 concerning the state of Armenians in West Armenia were ignored during the Berlin Congress. Turkey declared that Armenian problems were to be settled by committing mass genocide. During the summer of 1894 Turks devastated Sasun and murdered more than 10 thousand people. In the autumn of 1895 the inhabitance of Constantinopolis, Trapison, Ersrum, Sebastia, Van and other cities and regions were also massacred. Armenians tried to defend the Turkish attacks in Zeytun and Van, but the results remained devastating for the Armenian people. 300,000 Armenians were slaughtered. Under such conditions, the cultural aspect of Armenian history developed mainly in the city of Tiflis and Moscow, towns not so ravaged by war. New schools in the cities were founded, and their lives developed without drastic hindrance. In 1815, the Lazarian Academy in Moscow was founded. In 1809, "The History of Armenia" by M.Khorenatsi was published in St. Petersburg.