Earthquake Strength - Earthquakes

[ e a r t h q u a k e s : e a r t h q u a k e s t r e n g t h ]

La intensidad del terremoto varía. Algunos son tan menores que ellos sólo pueden sentirse al epicenter. Otros terremotos son tan fuertes que agita ciento de miles de millas cuadradas.

Aquéllos que viven en regiones del terremoto saben que es mejor tener varios terremotos pequeños que para no tener ninguna actividad de tierra durante mucho tiempo. Esto es porque los terremotos frecuentes, pequeños sueltan energía en poco estalla, en lugar de construir a la presión para soltar en un temblor grande. Si se permite presión entre dos platos constantemente construir, uno de los platos rasgará suelte más violentamente y causa un susto grande y un terremoto grande.

¡Las olas de susto de terremoto radian fuera del epicenter más rápido que una bala! Hay olas de la superficie lentas y poderosas que causan la mayoría de daño del terremoto - olas de Amor que mueven horizontalmente y Rayleigh ondea que mueve verticalmente. Hay también dos tipos de olas del cuerpo que viajan bajo tierra - P ondea y olas de S. P-olas, o las olas primarias, ese viaje a 3 millas (5 km) por segundo, estirando y apretando piedras lateralmente. S-olas, o las olas secundarias, mueva del lado para estar al lado de a aproximadamente 2 millas (3 km) un segundo.

Científicos miden la fuerza de terremotos que usan máquinas conocida como seismographs que graba el temblor de la tierra. Este instrumento simplemente es una pluma que rastrea una línea recta en un tambor volviéndose. Cuando la tierra mueve, la pluma se traquetea fuera de su curso normal, y rastros un meneo en el papel bajo él. Un seismograph muy sensibles pueden magnificar los temblores más diminutos uno millón de tiempos. El más fuerte el movimiento de la tierra, el más grande el meneo es arrastrado.

Usando la información del seismograph, científicos determinan su fuerza que usa una balanza de magnitud conocida como la Balanza de Richter. La definición oficial de la magnitud de un terremoto es: the para basar diez de la amplitud de sísmico-ola de máximo (en milésimo de un milímetro) grabó en un seismograph normal a una distancia de 100 kilómetros del epicenter del terremoto.

Básicamente, esta balanza es exponencial, para que cada número sea muchas veces la fuerza del número debajo de él. Un terremoto con una magnitud de 2.0 apenas se siente, mientras un 5.0 terremoto suelta la misma cantidad de energía como eso del Hiroshima la bomba atómica. Un 8.0-level terremoto está devastando así que ese pocos edificios, caminos, y las personas escaparán sus efectos. Originalmente, Charles Richter tomó el terremoto del pequeño-tamaño él podría grabar en el momento y podría darle una magnitud de 0. Porque los instrumentos de hoy son tanto más sensible, científicos pueden descubrir terremotos aun más pequeños que se dan magnitudes negativas. Los terremotos de Richter más altos estaban moderados en las 9.0.

Richter Scale

Magnitude Damage

4 This magnitude earthquake is widely felt and is strong enough to crack plaster.

5 A strong vibration shakes the earth, damaging chimneys and weak buildings.

6 This earthquake is strong enough to badly damage average buildings.

7 This earthquake is strong enough to destroy even well-built structures.

8 Even special, earthquake-resistant buildings will be badly damaged.

9 There is widespread destruction.

Otra balanza que a veces se usa es conocida como la Mercalli Intensidad Balanza Modificada, creada por Giuseppe Mercalli en 1902 medir intensidad del terremoto. El daño que el Mercalli Scale las medidas son descriptivas y no pueden máquina-grabarse. La intensidad de un terremoto, entonces, es moderada por inspectores que miran el daño y les piden a los sobrevivientes que contesten encuestas. Un terremoto puede tener muchas intensidades que disminuyen como una persona se marcha del epicenter. Un temblor que hace balance de luces de los techos se alinea como un 2, mientras un temblor que mueve con esfuerzo la tierra en las olas y quiebra todo alrededor, líneas como un 12.

Mercalli Scale

Reading Intensity

I Although people cannot feel the tremor, machines are able to record it.

II Resting people can detect shaking, especially if they are on a building’s upper floors. Suspended objects may swing back and forth.

III When indoors, people can feel a small vibration, as if a light truck has passed by. Hanging objects will swing. It is difficult for people to realize that it is an earthquake.

IV People feel a vibration, like a heavy truck hitting the building. Wooden walls will creak, dishes rattle, and cars will rock.

V This level earthquake can be felt outdoors and is strong enough to splash liquids out of containers. Small objects will fall over and doors swing open and close.

VI Everyone feels this earthquake, and some people run outside in fright. People find difficulty walking in straight lines. Windows and dishes break, pictures fall off walls, and small bells ring.

VII People find it difficult to stand. Pond water begins to ripple and form waves, furniture breaks, bricks fall, plaster cracks, and large bells ring.

VIII It is difficult to drive, and wet ground will crack. Buildings, walls, chimneys, and monuments collapse. Tree branches break and the flow of water in wells and springs is changed.

IX This type of earthquake will cause general panic, causing people and animals to run in confusion. Building foundations are damaged. Frame buildings will shift in place, and underground pipes crack.

X Brick, wooden, and frame buildings will collapse. The earthquake causes notable landslides, and water is splashed out of rivers and waterways.

XI The ground shifts so much that railroad lines are distorted. Underground pipes are destroyed and highways cut. Fissures appear in the ground, and there will be large landslides and rock falls.

XII There is extensive damage. Almost all structures above and below ground are reduced to rubble. Shock waves extend out from the earthquake, causing the ground to roll in waves. Objects are made airborne, rivers are altered, and large fissures appear.

El peor daño normalmente se hace acerca al epicenter que es el lugar sobre el centro del subsuelo del terremoto o enfoque. Científicos pueden localizar el epicenter que usa información del seismographs a las situaciones diferentes. Hay actualmente continuamente ciento de estos instrumentos a trabajo alrededor del mundo.

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Forces of Nature: ThinkQuest 2000 (Team #C003603)

http://library.thinkquest.org/C003603/spanish/earthquakes/earthquakestrength.shtml

Magnitude	Damage
4	This magnitude earthquake is widely felt and is strong enough to crack plaster.
5	A strong vibration shakes the earth, damaging chimneys and weak buildings.
6	This earthquake is strong enough to badly damage average buildings.
7	This earthquake is strong enough to destroy even well-built structures.
8	Even special, earthquake-resistant buildings will be badly damaged.
9	There is widespread destruction.

Reading	Intensity
I	Although people cannot feel the tremor, machines are able to record it.
II	Resting people can detect shaking, especially if they are on a building’s upper floors. Suspended objects may swing back and forth.
III	When indoors, people can feel a small vibration, as if a light truck has passed by. Hanging objects will swing. It is difficult for people to realize that it is an earthquake.
IV	People feel a vibration, like a heavy truck hitting the building. Wooden walls will creak, dishes rattle, and cars will rock.
V	This level earthquake can be felt outdoors and is strong enough to splash liquids out of containers. Small objects will fall over and doors swing open and close.
VI	Everyone feels this earthquake, and some people run outside in fright. People find difficulty walking in straight lines. Windows and dishes break, pictures fall off walls, and small bells ring.
VII	People find it difficult to stand. Pond water begins to ripple and form waves, furniture breaks, bricks fall, plaster cracks, and large bells ring.
VIII	It is difficult to drive, and wet ground will crack. Buildings, walls, chimneys, and monuments collapse. Tree branches break and the flow of water in wells and springs is changed.
IX	This type of earthquake will cause general panic, causing people and animals to run in confusion. Building foundations are damaged. Frame buildings will shift in place, and underground pipes crack.
X	Brick, wooden, and frame buildings will collapse. The earthquake causes notable landslides, and water is splashed out of rivers and waterways.
XI	The ground shifts so much that railroad lines are distorted. Underground pipes are destroyed and highways cut. Fissures appear in the ground, and there will be large landslides and rock falls.
XII	There is extensive damage. Almost all structures above and below ground are reduced to rubble. Shock waves extend out from the earthquake, causing the ground to roll in waves. Objects are made airborne, rivers are altered, and large fissures appear.