| Bulk
Parameters |
Sun |
Earth |
Ratio
(Sun/Earth) |
| Mass
(1024 kg) |
1,989,100 |
5.9736 |
332,950. |
| Volume
(1010 km3) |
141200000 |
108.321 |
130400000 |
| Volumetric
mean radius (km) |
696,000. |
6371 |
109.2 |
| Mean
density (kg/m3) |
1408. |
5520 |
0.255 |
| Surface
gravity (eq.) (m/s2) |
274.0 |
9.78 |
28.0 |
| Escape
velocity (km/s) |
617.7 |
11.2 |
55.2 |
| Ellipticity |
0.00005 |
0.0034 |
0.015 |
| GM
(x 106 km3/s2) |
132,712. |
0.3986 |
332,950. |
| Visual
magnitude V (1,0) |
-26.74 |
-3.86 |
- |
| Absolute
magnitude |
+4.83 |
|
|
| Luminosity
(1024 J/s) |
384.6 |
|
|
| Mass
Conversion rate (106 kg/s) |
4300 |
|
|
| Mean
energy production |
0.1937 |
|
|
| surface
emission (106 J/m2s) |
63.29 |
|
|
| spectral
type |
G2
V |
|
|
| Model
Values at Center of Sun: |
|
|
|
| Central
pressure |
2.477
X 1011 bar |
|
|
| Central
temperature |
1.571
x 107 K |
|
|
| Central
density |
1.622
x 105 kg/m3 |
|
|
| Rotational
and Orbital
Parameters |
Sun |
Earth
|
|
| Sidereal
rotation period*(hrs) |
609.12 |
23.9345 |
25.449 |
| Obliquity
to ecliptic (deg) |
7.25 |
23.45 |
0.309 |
| speed
relative to stars(km/s) |
19.4 |
|
|
| *
this is the adopted period at 16 deg. latitude- the actual rotation rate
varies with latitude L as: (14.37 -2.33 sin2L - 1.56
sin4L) deg/day |
| Observational
Parameters |
|
|
|
| Apparent
diameter from Earth |
at
1 A.U.: 1919. |
|
|
| (seconds
of arc): |
maximum:
1952 |
|
|
| |
minimum:
1887. |
|
|
| distance
from Earth |
mean
149.6 |
|
|
| (106
km): |
maximum:
152.1 |
|
|
| |
minimum:
147.1 |
|
|
| Magnetosphere |
typical
magnetic field strengths for various parts of the Sun |
| Polar
field |
1-2
gauss |
|
|
| sunspots |
3000
gauss |
|
|
| prominences |
10-100
gauss |
|
|
| chromospheric
plages |
200
gauss |
|
|
| bright
chromospheric network |
25
gauss |
|
|
| ephermeral
(unipolar) active regions: |
20
gauss |
|
|
| Atmosphere |
|
|
|
| Surface
Gas Pressure |
(top
of photosphere): 0.868 millibars |
|
| effective
temperature |
5578
K |
|
|
| Temperature
at: |
bottom
of photosphere: 6600 K |
|
| |
top
of photosphere: 4400 K |
|
| |
top
of chromosphere: ~30,000 K |
|
| Photosphere
thickness |
~400
km |
|
|
| Chromosphere
thickness |
~2500
km |
|
|
| Sun
spot cycle: |
11.4
years |
|
|
| Photosphere
Composition: |
|
|
|
| major
elements: |
Hydrogen
- 90.965% |
Helium
- 8.889% |
|
| minor
elements (ppm): |
Oxygen-
774 |
Carbon
- 330 |
Neon
- 112 |
| |
Nitrogen
- 102 |
Iron-
Fe - 43 |
Mg
- 35 |
| ` |
Si
- 32 |
S
- 15 |
|
