The South American surgeon used two kinds of tools during their practice of brain surgery. They used small sharp pieces of obsidian (A hard glassy looking volcanic rock) to cut and scrape the scalp. Another tool that was used is a small half circle with a handle on the top these were made of bronze or copper. These tools normally had carvings of animals or people on their handles.

In 470 B.C there was a talented surgeon by the name of Hippocrates. Hippocrates created many manuscripts on brain surgery and he also described seizures, spasms and fractures accurately that later helped greatly with new discoveries on the brain. Hippocrates was later declared the father of modern medical ethics. Approximately 400 B.C there was a greek philospher named Plato. Plato separated the mind into three sections, The first was the brain, and he considered it to be the main control center for intelligence. The next place was the liver, he believed that the liver controlled such actions as rage, worry, and bravery. Plato also believed that the intestine held actions such as greed, and desire.

During 300 B.C another great Greek physician named Erisistratus took a different look at the brain than did anyone else before him, he separated the brain into two sections the cerebrum and the cerebellum. Another thing he noticed is that the human brain obtains more exterior folds than that of any other mammal and because of this we have more brain control than mammals. Galen was another greek physician he found seven of the 12 major nerves in the head, or cranial nerves, by performing postmortems. He theorized that the nerves were hollow, and that "animal spirits," flowed through them from the brain. (The theory of animal spirits was later proved to be false by Galvani when he was studying nerves)