CHARACTERISTICS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
WHAT CHARACTERISTICS SHOULD AN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENT
SHOW?
No generally accepted theories have yet emerged within the field of AO, due in part to the fact that AI is a very young science. However, it is assumed that on the highest level, an AI system must recieve input from its environment, determine an action or response, and deliver an output to its environment. A mechanism for interpreting the input is needed. This leads to research in speech understanding, vision, andnatural language.
The interpretation must be represented in some form that can be manipulated by the machine, For this problem, techniques of knowledge representation are invoked. The interpretation, together with knowledge obtained previously, is internally manipulated by a mechanism or algorithm to arrive at an internal representation of the response or action. This requires techniques of expert reasoning, common-sense reasoning, problem solving, planning, signal interpretation, and learning. Finally, the system must construct an effective response.
This requires techniques of natural-language generation. In the mid 1960s, a knowledge based expert program called the Dendral was created. Dendral is an information retrieval program for organic chemists at Stanford University in the United States. Primarily this system stores facts about chemical compounds. When chemists provide revelant data about specimens, it can deduce the molecular structure of the compound. But as well as accumulating facts and rules from previous samples, it has also been provided with the logic to derive its own rules. Having a massive memory and the ability to process information very quickly, Dendral has been able to discover new chemical rules, which were previously unknown or had simply been overlooked. The chemists' tool has therefore turned out to be a research scientist in its own right and a very through one at that!
Many expert systems of similar design to Dendral have been constructed ever since.
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