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SI
Units and Conversion Factors
|
Length
|
Mass
|
1
meter = 1.0936
yards
1 centimeter = 0.39370 inch
1 inch =
2.54 centimeters (exactly)
1 kilometer = 0.62137 mile
1 mile =
5280 feet
=
1.6093 kilometers |
1
kilogram = 1000 grams
= 2.2046 pounds
1 pound = 453.59 grams
=
0.45359 kilogram
=16
ounces
1 atomic
mass
unit = 1.66056 x 10-27 kilograms
|
|
Volume
|
Pressure
|
|
1
liter = 10-3 m3
=
1 dm3
=
1.05678 quarts
=
4 quarts
=
8 pints
=
3.7854 liters
=
32 fluid ounces
=
0.94633 liters
|
1
atmosphere = 101.325 kilopascals
=
760 torr (mm Hg)
= 1470 pounds/square inch
|
|
Energy
|
|
1
joule = 0.23901 calorie
1 calorie = 4.184 joules
Zumdahl/Intro.
Chemistry/2nd Edition/© 1993 Houghton Mifflin Company.
With permission.
|
|
Rules
for Determining Significant Figures in Calculations
|
1.
For multiplication or division, the number of significant
figure in the result is the same as the measurement with
the smallest number of significant figures in the
problem. Consider the following:
706.50
x 30950 = 2.187x107
Both
706.50 and 30950 have trailing zeros and captive zeros
(zeros in between). The reason that 30950 have four
significant figures is because it doesn't have a decimal,
the trailing zero was not counted.
0.003500
/ 456 = 7.67x10-6
0.003500
has four significant figures.The two nonzero digits
and the two trailing zeros are counted. The result
is rounded to three significant figures.
|
|
2.
For addition or subtraction, the number of significant
figure in the result is the same as the measurement
with the smallest number of decimal places. For
example:
12
+ 345.452 = 357
Since
12 has no decimal places, the result is rounded to
teh nearest ones place.
0.453
- 0.6 = -0.1
The
smallest number of decimal place here is the tenth
place, thus the answer is rounded off.
|
The Three States of Matter
| States |
Definition |
Examples |
| gas |
has
no fixed shape or volume; takes up the shape and the volume
of its container |
air,
VX, helium |
| liquid |
has
a definite volume but no fixed shape |
water,
blood, alcohol |
| solid |
has
a fixed shape and definite volume |
diamonds,
ice cubes |
Names
of Common Polyatomic Ions
| Ions |
Name |
Ions |
Name |
|
NH4+
NO2 -
NO3-
SO32-
SO42-
HSO4-
OH-
CN-
PO43-
HPO42-
H2PO4-
|
ammonium
nitrite
nitrate
sulfite
sulfate
hydrogen sulfate (bisulfate)
hydroxide
cyanide
phosphate
hydrogen phosphate
dihydrogen phosphate
|
CO32-
HCO3-
CIO-
CIO2-
CIO3-
CIO4-
C2H3O2-
MnO4-
Cr2O72-
CrO42-
O22-
|
carbonate
hydrogen carbonate (bicarbonate)
hypochlorite
chlorite
chlorate
perchlorate
acetate
permanganate
dichromate
chromate
peroxide |
Zumdahl/Intro. Chemistry/2nd Edition/© 1993 Houghton
Mifflin Company. With permission.
Determining
Types of Bonds
Difference
in Electronegativity
|
0 |
0.65 |
0.94 |
1.19 |
1.43 |
1.67 |
1.91. |
2.19 |
2.54 |
3.03 |
| %
of Ionic Character |
0 |
10 |
20 |
30 |
40 |
50 |
60 |
70 |
80 |
90 |
| %
of Colvalent Character |
100 |
90 |
80 |
70 |
6 |
50 |
40 |
30 |
20 |
10 |
| Difference
in Electronegativity |
Types
of Bonds |
| from
0 - 0.5 |
colvalent
to only slightly polar |
| from
0.5 - 1.7 |
polar
covalent |
| over
1.7 |
ionic |
|
|
AB
