Wherever and whenever humans have lived in groups, they have implemented some form of healing practices. In Africa, lions hearts were eaten to provide courage. Plants were eaten that resembled diseased body organ cure that organ. Science the beginning of medical history, the rational side of medicine and the magical approaches to healing have existed side by side. Therapies and practices were kept by shamans, medicine men and priest. In the 1700's William Withering a doctor from Great Britain earned about digitalis drug used for heart patients that is divided from the foxglove plant from and English witch.
Surgery
In surgery, drugs were often used to relive bad pains from a wound. In central Africa an alcoholic beverage was used to decrease consciousness, and even before that in some trivial ceremonies, the performer would smear his/ her skin with plant substances which would numb it, and permitted him to bear the tense heat and the pain of the sharp instruments.
