The desegregation movement spread out from the schools and encompassed other public places - especially transportation. In December 1955, Rosa Parks, a black seamstress living in Montgomery, Alabama, refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man. The bus driver summoned a police officer on her and had her arrested. E.D. Nixon, who was the head of the NAACP in which Parks was an active member, saw her arrest as a golden opportunity to challenge the city's "Jim Crow" bus laws (laws that segregated blacks and whites). Then a boycott began that lasted for over a year. The black citizens walked instead of riding a bus. The economic drain on the Montgomery was so great that the city leaders finally gave in and agreed to a compromise. The boycott ended in complete victory.