CHEMystery: The Periodic Table of the Elements

<BODY BGCOLOR=#000000 TEXT=#FFFFFF LINK=#FF7F00 VLINK=#00CFCF ALINK=#FFFF00><script type="text/javascript" src="/banner/banner.js"></script></script><script>tql_drawTop();</script> <B><SMALL> <A HREF=".." TARGET="_parent">Return</A> to the Main CHEMystery Page.<BR> <A HREF="../pertable" TARGET="_parent">Return</A> to the Periodic Table of the Elements<BR> </SMALL></B> <H1><FONT FACE="Arial"><I>Element 90 - Thorium (Th) <A HREF="90.wav"><IMG SRC="sound.gif" ALT="sound" BORDER=0 ALIGN=top></A></I></FONT></H1> From Thor, Scandinavian war-god; discovered 1828. Thorium can be used instead of scare uranium as a reactor fuel because it is readily converted into uranium. Almost as abundant as lead, earthly thorium stores much more energy can all uranium, coal, oil, and other fuels combined. <HR> <CENTER><TABLE BORDER=1 CELLPADDING=2 CELLSPACING=2> <TR><TD COLSPAN=2><CENTER><H3><FONT FACE="Arial">Properties</FONT></H3></CENTER></TD></TR> <TR> <TD><A HREF="../reference/glossary.html#atomicnumber" TARGET="_parent">Atomic Number</A>:</TD> <TD>90<BR></TD> </TR> <TR> <TD><A HREF="../reference/glossary.html#atomicweight" TARGET="_parent">Atomic Weight</A>:</TD> <TD>232.0381<BR></TD> </TR> <TR> <TD><A HREF="../reference/glossary.html#electronconfiguration" TARGET="_parent">Electron Configuration</A> (at ground state):</TD> <TD>1s<SUP>2</SUP>2s<SUP>2</SUP>2p<SUP>6</SUP>3s<SUP>2</SUP>3p<SUP>6</SUP>3d<SUP>10</SUP>4s<SUP>2</SUP>4p<SUP>6</SUP>4d<SUP>10</SUP>5s<SUP>2</SUP>5p<SUP>6</SUP>4f<SUP>14</SUP>5d<SUP>10</SUP>6s<SUP>2</SUP>6p<SUP>6</SUP>6d<SUP>2</SUP>7s<SUP>2</SUP><BR></TD> </TR> <TR> <TD><A HREF="../reference/glossary.html#oxidationstate" TARGET="_parent">Oxidation States</A> (Bold most stable):</TD> <TD><B>+4</B><BR></TD> </TR> <TR> <TD><A HREF="../reference/glossary.html#boilingpoint" TARGET="_parent">Boiling Point</A> (K):</TD> <TD>5060#<BR></TD> </TR> <TR> <TD>Melting Point (K):</TD> <TD>2028<BR></TD> </TR> <TR> <TD><A HREF="../reference/glossary.html#density" TARGET="_parent">Density</A> (at 300K -- g/cm<SUP>3</SUP>):</TD> <TD>11.72<BR></TD> </TR> <TR> <TD>Atomic Volume (at 300K -- cm<SUP>3</SUP>/mol) <TD>19.90<BR></TD> </TR> <TR> <TD>Number of natural <A HREF="../reference/glossary.html#radioactivity" TARGET="_parent">radioactive</A> isotopes:</TD> <TD>6<BR></TD> </TR> <TR> <TD> <A HREF="../reference/glossary.html#massnumber" TARGET="_parent">Mass Number</A> (Bold naturally occurring) -- <A HREF="../reference/glossary.html#halflife" TARGET="_parent">Half-Life</A> -- <A HREF="../reference/glossary.html#radioactivedisintegrationseries" TARGET="_parent">Disintigration Type</A>: </TD> <TD> <B>228</B> -- 1.913 years -- <A HREF="../reference/glossary.html#alphaparticle" TARGET="_parent">alpha particle</A> emission<BR> <B>230</B> -- 7.7 x 10<SUP>4</SUP> years -- <A HREF="../reference/glossary.html#alphaparticle" TARGET="_parent">alpha particle</A> emission<BR> <B>232</B> -- 1.40 x 10<SUP>10</SUP> years -- <A HREF="../reference/glossary.html#alphaparticle" TARGET="_parent">alpha particle</A> emission<BR> </TD> </TR> <TR> <TD>Covalent Radius (Å):</TD> <TD>1.65<BR></TD> </TR> <TR> <TD>Atomic Radius (Å):</TD> <TD>1.80<BR></TD> </TR> <TR> <TD>First <A HREF="../reference/glossary.html#ionizationenergy" TARGET="_parent">Ionization Potential</A> (V):</TD> <TD>6.08<BR></TD> </TR> <TR> <TD><A HREF="../reference/glossary.html#electronegativity" TARGET="_parent">Electronegativity</A> (Pauling's):</TD> <TD>1.3<BR></TD> </TR> <TR> <TD><A HREF="../reference/glossary.html#specificheat" TARGET="_parent">Specific Heat</A> Capacity (at 300K -- J g<SUP>-1</SUP> K<SUP>-1</SUP>):</TD> <TD>0.113<BR></TD> </TR> <TR> <TD>Heat of Vaporization (kJ/mol):</TD> <TD>543.92<BR></TD> </TR> <TR> <TD>Heat of Fusion (kJ/mol):</TD> <TD>15.65<BR></TD> </TR> <TR> <TD>Electrical Conductivity (at 293K for polycrystalline material -- 10<SUP>6</SUP> <IMG SRC="../misc/oomega.gif" ALT="(ohms)"><SUP>-1</SUP> cm<SUP>-1</SUP>):</TD> <TD>7.1<BR></TD> </TR> <TR> <TD>Thermal Conductivity (at 300K -- W m<SUP>-1</SUP> K<SUP>-1</SUP>):</TD> <TD>54<BR></TD> </TR> <TR> <TD>Crystal Structure:</TD> <TD><IMG SRC="cubic-face.gif" ALIGN=middle> Cubic, face centered<BR></TD> </TR> <TR> <TD><A HREF="../reference/glossary.html#acid" TARGET="_parent">Acid</A>-<A HREF="../reference/glossary.html#base" TARGET="_parent">Base</A> Properties:</TD> <TD><IMG SRC="slightly-basic.gif" ALIGN=middle> Slightly basic<BR></TD> </TR> </TABLE></CENTER> <HR> <CENTER> <A HREF="ptbl_bar.map"><IMG SRC="ptbl_bar.gif" ALT="The Periodic Table of the Elements" BORDER=0 WIDTH=579 HEIGHT=49 ISMAP></A> </CENTER> <script type="text/javascript"> var _gaq = _gaq || []; _gaq.push(['_setAccount', 'UA-174705-4']); _gaq.push(['_trackPageview']); (function() { var ga = document.createElement('script'); ga.type = 'text/javascript'; ga.async = true; ga.src = ('https:' == document.location.protocol ? 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