Last Updated: 7-11-96
This Page Contains Notes That Were Used In The Seventh Grade Life Science Class. Please Select The Catagory You Wish To View Notes About:
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- organism
- anything that is alive
- must have these qualities
- cells
- smallest unit of an organism
- stimulus
- anything that causes a response
- response
- feedback to a stimulus
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- six steps to the scientific method
1. observe a problem
2. gather information
3. create a hypothesis
4. design & perform experiments
- must create atleast 2 groups
- one group unaltered -> (control group)
- atleast one group altered
5. collect data from experiment
6. analyze data
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- producers
- makes energy
- types of producers: plants
- consumers
- use produces
- types of producers:
- herbivour
- carnivour
- omnivour
- decomposers
- break down organisms
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- Biome: region on the earth determined by its climate
- Climate: average weather in a biome
- eight types of biomes:
- freshwater (0.005% salt or less)
/\
|-> Estuary: freshwater meets saltwater
\/
- Marine Biome: salt water
- (3.59% salt)
- Tundra (around North Pole)
- very cold (-40°C)
- permafrost (soil freezes)
- less than 10" of rain
- Coniferous Forest
^ - conifer trees (cone bearing)
|
\--> Tiaga: coniferous forest with swamps
- Desert
- less than 25 cm of rain per year
- heat drops 40°C when sun goes down
- large ears help circulate blood
- Grassland
- 1/4 of land dominated by grass
- 25 to 75 cm of rain per year
- other names:
- praries (North America)
- pampas (South America)
- savanna or veldts (Africa)
- animals:
- bison (buffalo)
- antelope
- zebra
- wildebeast
- giraffe
- kangaroo
- not enough rain to support trees
- prone to fires
- Deciduous forest
- trees drop their leaves
- Tropical Rain Forest
- lots of rain
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- two types
- renewable: you can replace them
- natural resources that you can replace after
a certian amount of time
- examples: water, plants, animals, air
- non-renewable
- non-renewable resources cannot be practically
replaced
- examples: coal, oil, natural gas, ores, minerals
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- three methods in U.S.A.
- sanitary landfull
- most common of the methods
- lined with thick plastic
- leechate (water mixed with chemicals) is
formed in landfills
- doesn't decompose because there isn't enough
oxyzen
| garbage is taken away | garbage will not decompose |
- incineration
- burning trash
- done in special factories with special smoke
caching filters
- produces bad gasses
| reduces trash 90% | bad fumes/gasses |
| heat produced can be used | very powerful gasses/fumes |
- composting
- natural decomposing
| totally natural | smells |
| ultimately goes to Humus (dirt) | takes a long time |
| takes up space |
- recycling
- reduce amount of things
- reuse those objects
- recycle them
- reusing items that you can't use yourself
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| Pounds | Kilograms | 0.45 |
| Kilograms | Pounds | 2.21 |
| Feet | Meters | .3048 |
| Meters | Feet | 3.28 |
| Metric Ton | Short Ton | .91 |
| Short Ton | Metric Ton | 1.10 |
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- made up of many cells
- designed for life on dry land
- special features are:
- can store water
- accesses water from ground
- produce their own food
- tough cell wall
- have cuticle - wax covering on leaves
- two types of plants
- non-vascular (e.g. moss, liverwort)
- simple, thin parts
- no vessels to move nutrients
- vascular (e.g. trees, flowers, etc.)
- more complex
- has vessels
- seedless plants
- non-vascular plants }\
- vascular plants }-- use spores-pioneer plants
- seed producing plants
- there are no non-vascular plants that produce
seeds
- gymnosperms - "naked seed" - pine trees
- angiosperms - flowering plants
- angiosperm plants
- parts
- roots
- pick up nutrients
- provide support
- leaves
- perform photosynthesis
- produce food
- stem - vessels
- transfers food and water
- parts of the stem
- cambium
- produces xylem and phloem
- xylem
- carries water
- phloem
- carries food
- plant processes
- respiration
- take in CO2
- give out O2
- photosynthesis
- creating food from CO2, H2O, and sunlight
- formula:
- CO2 + H2O ----> O2 + sugar
^
|
sunlight
- plant responses
- stimulus - anything that causes a response
- tropisms ("trop" means growth)
- a response for a plant to a stimulus
- geotrorpism
- growing towards the earth (gravity)
- roots
- phototropism
- growing towards light (sun)
- stem & flower
- Auxins - chemicals that cause tropisms
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- characteristics of animals
- animals eat & digest food
- animals can move
- animals are many celled
- animal cells have organelles
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- invertebrates (no backbone)
- sponges - filter feeder
- filter water for food
- can't move when adult
- larva float
- cinidarians (e.g. Portuguese Man 'O War)
- stinging cells (e.g. Hydra)
- live in colony
- worms
- three types
- flatworms (e.g. Planeria, Tapeworms)
- flat bodies
- round worms (e.g. Hookworm)
- round bodies - tubular
- segmented worms (e.g. Earthworm)
- have 6 valve heart-like organ
- mollusks (e.g. slug)
- soft bodies, slimy
- most have shells
- food source for echinoderms
- open circulation
- echinoderms (e.g. starfish)
- spiney skin
- tube feet
- types of reproduction
- regeneration
- sexual
- arthropods
- jointed legs
- four types
- arachnids (e.g. spiders)
- have eight legs
- crustaceans
- water dwelling
- myriapod
- many legs
- insects
- six legs
- 70,000 species
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- things common to all vertebrate animals:
- skeletal system
- musclcular system
- digestive system
- circulation system
- nervous system
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- characteristics & systems of Mammals:
- all mammals are warm blooded
- systems:
- skeletal system
- strong, dense
- marrow produces blood cells
- muscular system
- designed for strength & endurance
- digestion system
- advanced
- multi-faceted
- circulation system
- advanced
- efficient
- nervous system
- most advanced of all animals
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- functions of your skeleton
- form & structure
- protection
- movement
- provide blood & minerals
- interesting things about bones
- "osteo" means bones
- all bones start as cartillage
- bones are not white - they are brownish
- bones are flexable
- bones are filled with liquids
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- two groups
- voluntary (e.g. skeletal muscles)
- you control
- involuntary (e.g. cardiac muscles)
- you don't control
- cardiac muscles work together
- smooth muscle
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- breaks food down
- mechanical digestion (e.g. teeth, tounge)
- starts digestion
- breaks up food
- chemical digestion
- saliva, stomach acids, enzymes
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- major players
- blood
- red blood cells <---\
- white blood cells <--- solid
- platelets <---------/
- plasma <- liquid
- heart
- pumping organ
- two sides
- each side also has a top and a bottom
- top - Atriax - collects blood
- bottom - ventricle - pumps blood
This Table Illustrates The Differences Between Each Side Of The Heart:
| Right | Left |
| - blood comes from body | - blood comes from lungs |
| - blood contains no oxyzen | - blood contains oxyzen |
| - blood is going to lungs | - blood is going to body |
| - this side of the heart is weaker | - this side of the heart is stronger |
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- on an average day you are bombarded by thousands of
stimuli
- your body has hundreds of internal control systems that
maintain homeostasis
- the working unit of your nervous system is called a
nerve cell (neuron)
- the neuron is made up of a cell body and branches
called dendrites and axons
- an axon carries messages away from the cell body
- dendrites receive messages and send them to the cell
body
- there are three types of neurons:
- sensory neurons
- receive info and send info to the spinal cord
- interneurons
- relay impulses from sensory neurons to motor
neurons
- motor neurons
- conduct impulses from the brain or spinal
cord to muscles or glands
- neurons don't make contact with each other
- a small space between neurons is called a synapse
- two devisions of the nervous system organs:
- Central Nervous System (CNS) - brain & spinal cord
- Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
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- three types of symmetry
- no symmetry (asymmetry)
- bilateral - 2 sides or halves
- radial - circular
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