Bentham
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Bentham
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Bioethics have the main thinking stream: First, the side of "the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people" which is the word
of Jeremy Bentham who is the utilitarian in United Kingdom, and second the side of the "theory of duty" which is the word of Immanuel Kant who is the philosopher in German.
First of all, the utilitarianism which used Bentham represent the word of Utility. What the utiility is for is the utility for happiness or well-being. The happiness is different from the each individuals. One might think it happy to throw away his materialistic desires and to live in the coutry quietly without interaction with people. On the other hand, one might think it happy that one be filled with the material and epicureanismical things, and that his life is luxurious without worry of money. But Bentham refer to the chiefly latter here. Such Utilitarianism would be criticized by the position of the "theory of duty". That is that Kant did: Do not tell a lie.
Against the people who have the only 3 months to death because of his cancer,If you said ,"You do not have cancer, do not worry about your health. Your body is good. You need only a few months of quiet rest. If so, you are sure to get better", then, if the patient of cancer come to have peace of mind, and he live a happy life, The Utilitalian such as Bentham would come to be happy to do the good things. However, the people who have "Theory of duty" such as Kant would think that this is bad act because telling a lie is absolutely bad things. To put it another, They think that Not to tell a lie is the duty of human.
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Kanto
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Of course, In making policy in the society, there are many cases that that it is thought at the side of Utilitarianism is more useful than that at the side of "theory of duty". But in the field of Bioethics, There is no difference between two thinkings.
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