Ions and Elements Information

See also Reactions for more help with reaction related details.

The formulas shown may or may not show the subscripts and superscripts, depending on the browser the viewer is using.

Electron Placement	Multivalent metals
Diatomic Elements	Prefixes
Common Polyatomic Ions	Common Molecular Weights
Shortcuts/Helpers	Activity Series of Metals & Halogens
Solubility/Insolubility Chart

Electron Placement

Back to Top of Page

Multivalent Metals
(these are just a few)

Element	(ous)	(ic)
Iron (Fe)	+2	+3
Lead (Pb)	+2	+4
Tin (Sn)	+2	+4
Mercury	+1	+2
Copper	+1	+2

Back to Top of Page

Diatomic Elements

Bromine (Br)

Oxygen (O)

Fluorine (F)

Iodine (I)

Nitrogen (N)

Chlorine (Cl)

Hydrogen (H)

Back to Top of Page

Prefixes

mono-	=	1
di-	=	2
tri-	=	3
tetra-	=	4
penta-	=	5
hexa-	=	6
hepta-	=	7
octa-	=	8
nona-	=	9
deca-	=	10

Back to Top of Page

Common Polyatomic Ions

Polyatomic Ion	Formula
Ammonium	NH4+
Acetate	C2H3O2-
Arsenate	AsO4-3
Arsenite	AsO3-
Bicarbonate	HCO3-
Carbonate	CO3-2
Chlorate	ClO3-
Chromate	CrO4-2
Cyanide	CN-
Dichromate	Cr2O7-2
Hydroxide	OH-
Iodate	IO3-
Nitrate	NO3-
Nitrite	NO2-
Permanganate	MnO4-
Perchlorate	ClO4-
Phosphate	PO4-3
Sulfate	SO4-2
Sulfite	SO3-2
Thiocynate	CNS- or SCN-

Back to Top of Page

Common Molecular Weights (grams/mole)

Compound	Weight		Compound	Weight
NaCl	58.45		HC2H3O2	60.05
NaOH	40.00		Al2O3	101.96
HCl	36.46		Fe2O3	159.70
HNO3	63.01		HgO	216.61
H2SO4	98.08		Ca(OH)2	74.10
CuSO4	159.61		AgNO3	169.89
H3PO4	98.00		KMnO4	158.04
KClO3	122.55

Back to Top of Page

Shortcuts/Helpers

• 1 Mole=atomic weight in grams for an element
• 1 Mole=molecular weight in grams for a compound
• 1 Mole=6.02 X 10²³ atoms for an element
• 1 Mole=6.02 X 10²³ molecules for a compound
• 1 Mole=22.4 liters for a gas at STP
• 1 Mole=24.4 liters for a gas at S.C.
• 
  Acids start with 'H'
• bases end with 'OH'
• salts do neither
• water does both (HOH)
• 
  Nitrate plus any positive ion forms a compound that is SOLUBLE.
• Any negative ion plus an Ammonium ion (NH₄⁺) forms a compound that is SOLUBLE.

For the above image, cover the quantity desired in one of the circles, and the formula is shown.

Back to Top of Page

Activity Series of Metals & Halogens

Metals	Decreasing Activity	Halogens
lithium	|	fluorine
potassium	|	chlorine
calcium	|	bromine
sodium	|	iodine
magnesium	|
aluminum	\/
zinc	|
chromium	|
iron	|
nickel	\/
tin	|
lead	|
hydrogen	|
copper	\/
mercury	|
silver	|
platinum	|
gold	\/

Back to Top of Page

Solubility/Insolubility Chart

	Key:	s = soluble;	i = insoluble;	- = does not exist;	s/i = partly soluble;	d = decomposes

Acetate

Bromide

Carbonate

Chlorate

Chloride

Hydroxide

Iodide

Nitrate

Oxide

Phosphate

Sulfate

Sulfide

Aluminum

s

s

-

s

s

i

s

s

i

i

-

d

Ammonium

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

-

s

s

s

Barium

s

s

i

s

s

s

s

s

s

i

i

s

Cadmium

s

s

i

s

s

i

s

s

i

i

s

i

Calcium

s

s

i

s

s

i

s

s

i

i

i

i

Copper I (ous)

-

s/i

i

-

i

i

i

-

i

-

d

i

Copper II (ic)

s

s

d

s

s

i

-

s

i

i

s

i

Hydrogen

s

s

s

s

s

HOH

s

s

s

s

s

s

Iron II (ous)

s

s

i

-

s

i

s

s

i

i

s

i

Iron III (ic)

i

s

-

-

s

i

-

s

i

i

s/i

i

Lead II (ous)

s

s/i

i

s

s/i

i

i

s

i

i

i

i

Lead IV (ic)

d

-

-

-

d

-

-

-

i

-

-

-

Magnesium

s

s

i

s

s

i

s

s

i

i

s

d

Manganese

s

s

i

-

s

i

s

s

i

-

s

i

Mercury I (ous)

s/i

i

i

s/i

i

-

s/i

s/d

i

i/d

i

i

Mercury II (ic)

s

s/i

i

s

s

i

i

s

i

s/i

d

i

Nickel

s

s

i

s

s

i

s

s

i

i

s

i

Potassium

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

d

s

s

i

Silver

s

i

i

s

i

-

i

s

i

i

i

i

Sodium

s/i

s

s

s

s

s

s

s

d

s

s

i

Tin II (ous)

-

-

-

-

s

i

s

-

i

-

s

i

Tin IV (ic)

-

s/d

-

-

s/d

i

s

s

i

i

s/d

i

Zinc

s

s

i

s

s

i

s

s

i

i

s

i

Back to Top of Page