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The quantum model
is a probability area an electron may be located in. In 1923 Louis
de Broglie suggested that an electron moves with a wavelength that completes
a circle, which would explain the different energy levels as Bohr’s model
did but would also explain the wave diffraction pattern obtained by C.J.
Davisson and L.H. Germer. In 1925 Erwin Schrödinger developed
his wave equation which explained the motion of the electron by taking
into effect the forces surrounding the electron. This equation was
a representation of the probability of where an electron may be with reference
to the nucleus and not where it is. It is not possible to determine
the exact spot an electron. To determine where an electron was you
must project a light beam with a wavelength at least as small or smaller
than that of an atom and it must posses a very high frequency. When
this test is run a diffraction pattern telling where the electron was is
produced but in the process the momentum of the photon of light pushes
the electron to a different location, this is known as the Compton effect.
The Quantum model also includes a nucleus containing neutral particles known as a neutrons and positive particles called protons. This protron-electron model accounts for the whole number rule for isotopes masses and is consistent with the emission of alpha (He) and beta (electron) particles.
The element that is my quantum model for is Beryllium. You will notice that there are protons and four neutrons. The first circle surrounding the nucleus is the 1s orbital. This orbital is the probability area for the first two electrons. The second circle is the probability area for the second two electrons.
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