HAMILTON'S FINANCIAL PROGRAM
Secretary of Treasury, Alexander Hamilton, proposed the funding of the natinal debt, federal assumption of state debts and the establishment of a national bank. Hamiltonians (federalist) favored a strong central government.

OPPOSITION TO THE PROGRAM
Thomas Jefferson and other objected to the funding proposal because it obviously would benefit speculators. They saw Hamiliton's entire program as enriching a small elite group at the expense of more worthy common citizens. The supporters of Jefferson called themselves Republicans.

JUDICIARY ACT
This act created effective federal courts in a hierarchical order.

TARIFF OF 1789
This was the first law passed by Congress which was designed to protect the infant industries by placing 8 % tax on imports.

1792     FRENCH REVOLUTION
The french middle and poor classes overthrew the king and asserted power.

1794     WHISKEY REBELLION
This rebellion was started by small farmers of Pennsylvania who rose up in rebellion against heavy taxes on whiskey.

1794     JAY'S TREATY WITH ENGLAND
This treaty required Britain to withdraw her troops from the North West posts in exchange for concessions.

1795     PICKNEY TREATY WITH SPAIN
This treaty settled the Florida-Georgia border dispute by defining the border.

NEUTRALITY PROCLAMATION
France was at war with Britain. This proclamation warned Americans to be impartial toward both armed camps.

GREENVILLE ACTS (Stamp, Sugar, Currency)
These acts were designed to control trade and raise revenue.

1797     X, Y, Z AFFAIR
France began to seize good from neutral American cargo ships. US representatives, attempted to meet with the French foreign minister Talleyrand to settle the dispute. However, anonymous French minister X, Y, and Z required a loan of 32 million Florins and $250,000 in cash to even consider negotiations.

1798     ALIEN & SEDITION ACTS
The first act increased the number of years needed to obtain citizenship and the second act stated that any opposition to the government would result in a heavy fine or imprisonment.

MARBURY VS. MADISON
This case said, that the Supreme Court had the last word on question of constitutionality

LOUISIANA PURCHASE
The purchase of the Louisiana territory was done by delegates of Jefferson. The territory was sold to the US for 15 million

LEWIS AND CLARK EXPEDITION
These explorers were sent by Jefferson before the purchase of the Louisiana territory to collect information and data from the land

1807     EMBARGO ACT
This act prohibited American ships from leaving port for any foreign destination

NON-INTERCOURSE ACT
This act opened trade to all nations except France and Britain.

1812     WAR
The Shawnee chief Tecumseh set out to unite the Missiissippi Valley tribes. General William Henry Harrison destroyed Tecumseh's villiage.

1814     TREATY OF GHENT
This act provided for the acceptance of the status quo at the beginning of hostilities.

1814     HARTFORD CONVENTION
Delegates from New England meat in Hartford and drafted a set of resolutions

1816     PROTECTIVE TARIFF
The first protective tariff in the nation's history was passed to slow the flood of cheap British manufactures into the country.

POST-WAR BOOM
The years following the war were characterized by a high foreign demand for American cotton, grain and tobacco. The Secondon National Bank, proved to be an inflationary influence, and the price level rose rapidly.

1817     RUSH-BAGOT TREATY
This treaty was an agreement between Britain & the US to stop maintaing armed fleets on the Great Lakes.

1819     DEPRESSION
Inventories of British manufactured goods built up during the war and English merchants began to dump their products on the American market at cut-rate prices. American manufactures suffered from this influx of imports.

1819     McCULLOCH VS. MARYLAND
An attempt by the state of Maryland to destroy a branch of the Bank of the US by putting a tax on its notes

1819     PANIC
The main cause of this panic was overspeculation in frontier land.

1820     MISSOURI COMPROMISE
This compromise established the northern limits for slavery at the 36' 30' parallel.

MONROE DOCTRINE
This doctrine has two main features: non-colonization and nonintervention.

SECOND GREAT AWAKENING
This was the reaction to the trend toward rationalism, the decline in chruch membership and the lack of piety.

1825     ERIE CANAL
The Hudson River and Lake Erie were connected to make the first and most successful canals.

TARIFF OF ABOMINATIONS
This tariff included higher duties for many goods which were bought by Southern planters.

"KITCHEN CABINET"
This was a group of partisan supporters who had the ear and the confidence of the president

JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY
A transformation in the political life of the nation. The Jacksonians favored Indian removal

JACKSONIAN INDIAN POLICY
Jackson supported the removal of all Indians tribes to west of the Mississippi River.

1830     INDIAN REMOVAL ACT
This act provided for federal enforcement of the removal of the Indians.

TARIFF OF 1832 & 1833
This tariff lowered the imports to 35 %

FORCE BILL
This bill authorized the president to use army, navy, if necessary to collect federal tariff duties.

SPECIE CIRCULAR
This bill required payment for public land in hard money; no more paper or credit.

PANIC OF 1837
It's basic cause was rampant speculation promoted by a mania of get rich quick schemes.

FORMATION OF THE WHIGS
This party emerged from the ruins of the National Republicans who opposed Jackson

Martin Van Buren
Spent most of his term dealing with the financial chaos of the 2nd bank of US.

Panic of 1837
This panic was caused by overspeculation and failure of the bank.

WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON
The president died only a month after his inauguration

WEBSTER-ASHBURTON TREATY
This treaty helped to create an atmosphere of compromise for US-British relations.

John Tyler
The president wanted to annex Texas. John C Calhoun, secretary of state was in charge of negotiating the annexation treaty w/Texas.

JAMES K POLK
He opposed protective tariffs and a national bank. However, he did favor territorial expansion.

1846     OREGON TREATY
This treaty allowed for joint occupation by the British and by US. The border east of Rockies was extended.

MEXICAN WAR
Americans were divided about the war. Some favored it because they felt Mexico had provoked the war. Others, generally Northern abolitionists, saw in the war the work of a vast conspiracy of Southern slaveholders greedy for more slave territoy.

1848     GUADALUP HIDALGO TREATY
This treaty ended the Mexican war. Under the terms of the treaty, Mexico ceded to the U.S. the territory Polk had originally sought to buy.

WILMOT PROVISO
This agreement kept slavery out of the newly acquired territory. (Mexico)

PRESIDENT ZACHARY TAYLOR
He was a Louisiana slaveholder, who opposed the further spread of slavery.

FORTY-NINERS
Gold was discovered in Sutter's Mill, not far from Sacramento, California. These gold seekers that poured in were called "Forty-niners".

1850     COMPROMISE
New Mexico & Utah were open to slavery on the basis of popular sovereignty

OSTEND MANIFESTO
This is a top secreat document that was created at the meeting in Belgium. The document urged that the admininstration offer $120 million for Cuba.

FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW
This is an important part of the compromise. In the North, Blacks were denied of trail by jury.

ECONOMIC GRWOTH
The cheif factor in the economic transformation of America during the 1840s and 1850s was the dynamic rise of railroads. Railroads pioneered big-business techniques, and by improving transportation helped create a nationwide market.

DECLINE OF THE TWO-PARTY SYSTEM
America's second two-party system, which had developed during the 1830s, was in the process of breaking down. This was the Whig Party.

1850     CLAYTON BULWER TREATY
This treaty said that the British and US agreed not to expand in Central America if the canal is built.

UNCLE TOM'S CABIN
This Northerner who was outraged by the Fugitive Slave Act. Harriet Beecher Stowe, in response, wrote this book.

1854     Reciprocity Treaty
This treaty was a success for Pierece beacause it opened Canada to greater US trade.

1854     KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACT
Nebraska was cut into two to form Kansas and Nebraska. Slavery would be determined by popular sovereignty.

1854     THE REPUBLICAN PARTY
The Kansas-Nebraska Act aroused a storm of outrage in the North. In the North, many Democracts left the party and were joined by former whigs and Know-Nothing in the newly created Republican Party.

UNDERGROUND RAILROAD
It was a railroad that was used by run away slaves to escape from persecution and to gain freedom.

BLEEDING KANSAS
These were the pro slavery agitators.

OSTEND MANIFESTO
This was a top secret document. It urged the presidential administration to offer $120 million for Cuba

1857     PANIC
The main cause was overspeculation in railroads and lands and faulty banking practices.

DREAD SCOTT DECISION
This case involved a Missouri slave, Dread Scott, who sued for his freedom on the basis that his owner, had taken him for a stay of several years ina free state and then a free territory. Congress ruled against him.

LINCOLN-DOUGLAS DEBATES
Lincoln, as (R) nominee challenged Douglas to a series of joint debates. Lincoln, openly announced his desire for equality and said that his opponent was a secreat defender of slavery.

BATTLE OF BULL RUN
The union army was forced to retreat in confusion back to washingtion.

1862     HOMESTEAD ACT
This act stated that a settler could acquire as much as 160 acres of land by living on it for at least five years.

1862     MORILL LAND GRANT ACT
This act offered large amounts of the federal government's land to states that would establish "agricultural and mechanical" colleges.

1863     EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION
Declared freedom for the slaves in those confederate states still in rebellion

1865     ABRAHAM LINCOLN
On April 14, 1865, he was shot in the head while watching a play in Ford's Theater in Washington. His assassin, a pro-Southern actor John Wilkes Booth.

1865     FREEDMAN'S BUREAU
Congress created this Bureau, to provide food, clothing and education, and generally look after the interests of former slaves.

TEN PERCENT PLAN
Southerners except high-ranking officials, could take an oath promising future loyalty to the Union and acceptance of the end of slavery.

WADE-DAVIS BILL
Radicals in the Congress drew up this bill. Under its terms, a majority of the number who had been alive and registered to vote in 1860 would have to swear an "ironclad" oath stating their loyalty.

14th AMENDMENT
It gave the former slaves their rights as citizens.

TENSURE OF OFFICE ACT
This act forbid the president of any dismisal of cabinet members

15h AMENDMENT
This amendment prohibited any denial of the right to vote on the basis of 'race, color,..

MILITARY RECONSTRUCTION ACT
This act divided the South into 5 military districts.

IMPREACHMENT TRIAL
The House of Representatives impeached the president on the charges of misdemeanors and high crimes.

FORMATION OF THE KKK
This was a secret organization founded in Tennessee.

ADOPTION OF THE BLACK CODES
These codes imposed terrible burdens on blacks, struggling against ignorance and poverty.

TWEED RING
Boss Tweed used bribery to make lot's of money. New York Times got evidence that found him committing crimes. Samuel J. Tilden was the attorney who fought Tweed.

"BLACK FRIDAY"
In this scandal, two unscrupulous businessmen, Jim Fiske and Jay Gould, schemed to corner the gold market.

CREDIT MOBILER
This was a scandal which involved a railroad construction company. They were paid to hire pro's and instead they hired themselves to build railroad lines

WHISKEY RING
They robbed the Treasury of millions in excise-tax revenues.

1873     PANIC
Brought on by expensive railroad builders & bad economy in Europe

1875     SPECIE RESUMPTION ACT
This act called for the resumption of specie payments (i.e., the redeemability of the nation's paper money in gold)

1876     Alexander Graham Bell
He introduced the telephone.

1876     THOMAS A. EDISON
The most versitle inventor of all. He is best known, for the creation of the electric bulb.

BLAND-ALLISON ACT
This act allowed their to be free coinage of silver

1877     COMPROMISE
This compromise allowed the last remaining Union troops to withdraw from the Old Confederacy (S. Carolina, Florida, Louisiana)

POOL
An agreement to divide the business in a given area and share the profits. This was one of the earliest form of combination.

ASSASSINATION
The president was assasinated by Julius Guiteau

GOSPEL OF WEALTH
This was self-justification by the wealthy, based on the notion that God had given him that power to rule.

1881     BOOKER T. WASHINGTON
This African American leader emerged in 1881 as the president of Tuskegee Institute in Alabama, a school devoted to teaching and vocational education for African Americans.

1881     A CENTURY OF DISHONOR
This book was written by Helen Hunt. The book chronicled the tragic policy pursued against the Native Americans.

1883     TARIFF
This Tariff lowered duty schedules by an average 5 per cent

1883     PEDLETON ACT
This act set up the civil service positions.

HAYMARKET RIOT
Protestors were protesting against the Carnegie steel plant. And as they were protesting a bomb was thrown in the crowd

1886     AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR
Samuel Gompers and Adolph Strasser put together a combination of unions to represent the interests of labor in the matters of wages, hours and safety conditions. This was known as the A.F. of L

1887     INTERSTATE COMMERCE ACT & COMMISSION
This act was designed to curb the railroads

1887     DAWES SEVERALTY ACT
This act wiped out tribal ownership of land.

1890     HOUSE RULES OF OPERATION
Republican Thomas B. Reed became the speaker of the House and changed the rules of operation to make himself a vertiable tsar with absolute control in running the House.

1890     FORCE BILL
Senate objections kept Congress from protecting African-American voters in the South through federal supervision of state elections.

1890     DEPENDENT PENSIONS ACT
Congress granted service pensions to Union veterans and their dependents for the first time.

1890     SHERMAN ANTI-TRUST ACT
– Corporate monopolies who controlled industries were subjected to federal prosecution if they were found to be combinations or conspiracies in restraint of trade.

1890     SHERMAN SILVER PURCHASE ACT
This act authorized Congress to buy 4.5 million ounces of silver each month (this was repealed in 1893).

1890     MCKINLEY TARIFF
This tariff was extended to industrial and agricultural goods. The act also included reciprocal trade provisions that allowed the president to retaliate against nations that discriminated against U.S. products, and rewards states that opened their markets to American goods.

1892     HOMESTEAD STRIKE
Workers went to strike against the Carnegie steel corporations to protest salary reductions.

GROVER CLEVELAND
This was Grover Clevelands' 2nd administration term. Cleveland's conservative economic stand in favor of the gold standard brought him a variety of support from business interests.

1893     PANIC
The cause of this panic was dramatic growth of the federal deficit; withdrawal of British investments and the transfer of gold.

1894     PULLMAN STRIKE
Workers went against the Pullman Palace Car Company for wage cuts and job losses.

1894     WILSON-GORMAN TARIFF
This tariff did little to promote oversea trade as a way to ease the depression.

1895     BRITAIN AND VENEZUELA
The dispute was over the border of Britain's colony of Guiana threatened war with Venezuela, especially after gold was discovered in the area.

1895     THE SINO-JAPANESE WAR
Japan's easy victory over China signaled to the United States and other nations that China's weakness might result in its colonization by industrial powers, and the closing of the China market.

OPEN DOOR POLICY
This policy called for the respect of Chinese rights and the ideal for fair competition.

1900     BOXER REBELLION
Chinese nationalist ("Boxers") struck foreign settlements in China for letting other nations large concessions

1901     PLATT AMENDEMNT
This provided that Cuba become a virtural protectorate of the United States

1901     HAY-PAUNCEFOTE TREATY
U.S. and Britain abrogated an earlier agreement (Clayton-Bulwer Treaty) to build jointly an isthmain canal.

1901     MCKINLEY ASSASSINATION
While attending the Pan American Exposition in Buffalo, New York, the president was shot by Leon Czolgosz, an anarchist sworn to destory all governments.

1902     ANTI-TRUST POLICY
The president pledged strict enforcement of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890) to break up illegal monopolies and regulate large corporations.

1902     COAL STRIKE
The United Mine Workers union vs. the mine owners after a bitter strike over wages.

1903     HAY-BUNA VARILLA TREATY
This treaty granted US control of the canal zone in Panama for 10 million.

MUCKRAKERS
These were investigative journalist and often publicity agents for reforms.

PANAMA CANAL
The president used executive power to recognize Panama as independent country.

COROLLARY DOCTRINE
This doctrine states that US reserved the right to intervene in internal affairs of Latin American nations to keep the European powers from using military force to collect debts in the Western Hemisphere.

RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR
With American encouragement and financial loans, Japan pursued and won a war against tsarist Russia.

TREATY OF PORTSMOUTH
Roosevelt negotiated this treaty, which ended the war, and for which the President ironically received the Nobel Peace Prize.

1906     PURE FOOD & DRUG ACT
This act prohibited adulterated food and drugs being sold to Americans

1906     MEAT INSPECTION ACT
This act provided federal and sanitary regulations and inspections in meat packing facilities.

1907 GENTELMAN'S AGREEMENT WITH JAPAN
After racial discrimination in the US, Japan agreed to restrict unskilled workers coming into the US.

1907     PANIC
This Panic occurred as a result of questionable bank speculations, and a conservative gold standard.

TAFT'S OBJECTIVES
The president had two primary political goals. One was the continuation of Roosevelt's trust-busting policies, and the other was the reconciliation of the old guard conservatives and young progressive reformers.

DOLLAR DIPLOMACY
President Taft sought to avoid military intervention, especially in Latin America, by replacing the "bit stick" policies with "dollar diplomacy."

1908 ROOT-TAKAHIRA AGREEMENT
This agreement reiterated the status quo in Asia established by the US and Japan. In other words, US and Japan swore to respect each others territorial positions in the Pacific.

1909 NAACP
The creation of this organization occured in 1909.

1909     PAINE-ALDRICH TARIFF
This tariffs' main intentions were to lower the tariff.

1909-1910     BALLINGER-PINCHOT DISPUTE
Ballinger secretary of interior was accused of giving away the nation's natural resources to private corporations

1913     AUTOMOBILIES
Henry Ford introduced the continuous flow process on the automobile assembly lilne.

1913     UNDERWOOD-SIMMONS TARIFF ACT
This tariff reduced the Average rates to twenty-nine percent. A graduated income tax was included in the law to compensate for lost tariff revenue.

1913     16th AMENDMENT
This amendment was ratified this year and authorized the income tax.

1913     FEDERAL RESERVE ACT
This law divided the nation into twelve regions with a Federal Reserve Bank in each region.

1913     17th AMENDMENT
This amendment called for the direct election of US senators.

1914     CLAYTON ANTI-TRUST ACT
This act stated that stock ownership by a corporation was prohibited.

1914     FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION ACT
This act prohibited all unfair trade practices without defining them, and created a commision of five memebers appointed by the president.

1914     BRYAN-CHAMORRO TREATY
This treaty gave the US an option to build a canal through Nicaragua

1915     THE LUSITANIA
This was a british ship that was sunk by the German submarines, which killed more than a thousand people.

1916     THE CHILD LABOR ACT
The law forbade shipment in interstate commerce of products whose production had involved the labor of children under fourteen or sixteen, depending on the product.

1916     THE ADAMSON ACT
The law mandated an eight-hour day for workers on interstae railroads with time and a half for overtime and a maximum of sixteen hours in a shift.

1916     ZIMMERMAN TELEGRAM
The British intercepted a secret message from the German foreign secretary, to the German minister and turned it over to the US. The Germans proposed that, in the event of a war between the US and Germany, Mexico would attach the US.

1917     THE DECLARATION OF WAR
Wilson called Congress to a special session. When Congress convened, he requested a declaration of war against Germany. The declaration was passed by the Senate.

1917     SELECTIVE SERVICE ACT
This act called for the inlistment of American citizens (Draft). Originally, the act included all males from 21 to 30, the limits were later extended to 17 through 46.

1917     ESPIONAGE ACT
This act provided for fines and imprisonment for person(s) who made false statements which aided the enemy, incited rebellion in the military, or obstructed recruitment or the draft.

1918     SEDITION ACT
This act forbade any criticism of the government, flag, or uniform.

"FOURTEEN POINTS"
Wilson had maintained that the war would make the world safe for democracy. The first five points called for open rather than secreat peace treaties, freedom of the seas, free trade, and a fair adjustment of colonial claims. He considered the 14 points very important.

1919     THE VERSAILLES OR PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE
Wilson decided that he would lead the American delegations to the peace conference. In doing so, he became the first president to leave the country during his term. He joined the big four (Britain, France, Italy and U.S.) which dominated the conference.

CONSEQUENCES OF THE WAR
The U.S. emerged as the economic and political leader of the world.

1919     18th AMENDMENT
This amendment prohibited the sale and manufacture of liquor

1919     19th AMENDMENT
This amendment gave women the right to vote.

THE READ SCARE
Americans feared the spread of the Russian Communist Revolution to the U.S. and many interpreted the widespread strikes of 1919 as communist-inspired and the begining of the revolution

THE AUTOMOBILE
The principal driving force of the economy of the 1920s was the automobile. The Model T was made in the thousands in a day in the Ford company.

URBANIZATION
In the 1920s, for the first time a majority of Americans, lived in an urban place. A new phenomenon of the 1920s was the tramendous growth of suburbs and satellite cities.

MARCUS GARVEY
A native of Jamaica, Marcus founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association. He advocated black racial pride and separatism rather than integration, and a return of blacks to Africa.

1919     VOLSTEAD ACT
This act defined intoxicating beverages as containing one-half of one percent alcohol by volume and imposed criminal penalties for violations.

ORGANIZED CRIME
Al Capone of Chicago was perhaps the most famous of the bootlegging gangsters.

CREATIONISM AND THE SCOPES TRIAL
The American Civil Liberties Union found a young high school biology teacher, John Thomas Scopes, who was teaching evolution. He was convicted and fined hundred dollars.

SACCO AND VENZETTI
Italian immigrants and admitted anarchists, were tried for murder. After they were convicted and sentenced to death, there was much protest in the U.S and Europe that they had not receieved a fair trial.

1921     EMERGENCY QUOTA ACT
This act limited immigration by a nation to three percent of the number of people

1921, 1924     REVENUE ACT
This act cut the maximum tax rates to fifty percent and then to forty percent.

1922     FORDNEY-MCCUMBER TARIFF
This tariff imposed high rates on farm products and protected infant industries.

1922     THE FORDNEY-MCCUMBER TARIFF
This tariff imposed high rates on farm products and protected infant industries.

1922     TEAPOT DOME SCANDAL
Secretary of interior (albert fall) transferred naval oil reserves to his jurisdiction.

1921     THE MCNARY-HAUGEN BILL
George Peek and Haugh S. Johnson farm machinery manufactures in Illinois, developed a plan to raise prices for basic farm products. The plan was a forerunner of the agricultural programs of the 1930s.

1924     VERTERAN'S BONUS
Legislation to give veterans of WWI 20 year endowment policies with values based on their length of service.

1926     REVENUE ACT
This act reduced the basic income tax.

KELLOGG-BRIAND PACT
This treaty renounced war as an instrument of national policy. It outlawed aggression, not self defense.

"BLACK THRUSDAY"
13 million shares were traded, a large number for that time, and prices fell. The stock market crashed.

REASONS FOR THE DEPRESSION
The first reason was the stock market crash. The farm economy, which involved 25 percent of the population, had been depressed. Wage reductions and lay offs from work.

1929     AGRICULTURAL MARKETING ACT
This act created the Federal Farm Board, a revolving fund of $500 million to buy commodities and to hold them for higher prices.

1930     HAWLEY-SMOOTH TARIFF
This tariff raised duties on both agricultural and manufactured imports.

1931     MANCHURIAN CRISIS
Japanese army invaded and seized the Chinese province of Manchuria. This act violated the Nine Power Pact and the Kellog-Briand Pact.

1932     RECONSTRUCTION FINANCE CORPORATION
It's main purpose was to prevent the failure of basic firms on which many other elements of the economy depended.

1932     THE FEDERAL HOME LOAN BANK ACT
This act created home loan banks to make loans to building and other major corporations to help them avoid foreclosures on homes.

FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT
His wife is Eleanor Roosevelt. His threee "R's" are Relief, Recovery and Reform.

THE HUNDRED DAYS CONGRESS
The special session of Congress, from March9 to June 16, 1993, passed a great body of legislation. That period has been referred to ever since as the "Hundred Days" Congress.

ABC-1 AGREEMENT
This agreement with the Britain was a stratey of getting Hitler first.

1933:     BRAIN TRUST
They were a group of college professors who wrote most of the speeches for Franklin D. Roosevelt

1933:     EMERGENCY BANKING RELIEF ACT
This act closed banks until federal authorities could do an accounting; Only healthy banks reopened while weaker banks were merged

1933:     ECONOMY ACT
This act cut the number of federal workers, cuts salaries of federal workers and veteran's pension in attempt to balance the buddget.

1933:     CIVILIAN CONSERVATION CORPS (ccc)
This program employed young men in reforestation, raod construction, flood control and other national work projects.

1933:     FEDERAL EMERGENCY RELIEF ACT (FERA)
This act channeled money directly to state and city govts. which had alwasy been responsible for relief in hard times.

1933:     CIVIL WORKS ADMINISTRATION (CWA)
When the federal government realized that the FERA was inadequate in meeting unemployment needs, they started to employ directly, for federal works projects.

1933:     AGRICULTURAL ADJUSTMENT ACT (AAA)
Granted farmers direct payments for reducing production of some food items and livestock to raise the price of these products.

1933:     NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL RECOVERY ACT
This program sought to stablize the economy by preventing extreme competition, labor-management conflicts, and over-production.

1933:     NATIONAL RECOVERY ADMINISTRATION
The NRA was created to enforce the law and generate public enthusiasm for it.

1933:     TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHROITY (TVA)
Created independent public corporation to construct dams and power projects.

1933:     TYDING-MCDUFFE ACT
This act gave the philippines their long needed independence.

1933:     HOME OWNERS' REFINANCING ACT
This act created the home owners' loan corporation (HOLC) which eventually refinanced almost 20% of all home mortgages and helped to stop foreclosures.

1933:     NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL RECOVERY ACT (NRA)
This act sought to revive business activity through a series of fair compitition codes (wage and price controls).

1933:     GLASS-STEAGALL ACT
This act created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) which still insures bank and savings and loan deposits.

1934:     NATIONAL HOUSING ACT
This was set up to insure loans made by banks for construction of new homes and repaires of old homes

1934:     FEDERAL HOUSING ADMINISTRATION (FHA)
This made banks much more willing to loan money if govt. insured loans, thus stimulated economy.

1934:     INDIAN REOGRGANIZATION ACT
The law restored tribal ownership of lands, recognized tribal constitutions and government, and provided loans to tribes for economic development.

1935:     SOCIAL SECURITY ACT
This act established a retirement plan for persons over the age of sixty-five funded by a tax on wages paid equally by employee and employer.

1935:     THE WORKS PROGRESS ADMINISTRATION
The WPA employed people from the relief rolls for thirty hours of work a week at pay double the relief payment.

1936:     COURT PACKING
Roosevelt wanted to replace some of the older members of the Supreme Court with his younger and more influential members. The president receieved great opposition.

1936:     THE ROME-BERLIN AXIS
Germany and Italy, under Hitler and Mussolini, formed an alliance called the Rome-Berlin Axis.

1936:     THE SINO-JAPANESE WAR
The Japanese launched a full scale invasion in July 1937.

1937:     FARM TENANCY ACT
This act enabled tenant farmers and sharecroppers (poor blacks and whites) to buy their own farms.

1938:     FAIR LABOR STANDARDS ACT
This act established the minimum wage of .40 per hour and a maximum of workweek of 40 hours in all business engaged in interstate commerce

1938:     SECOND AGRICULTURAL ADJUSTMENT ACT
This act continued price supports and payments to limit production.

RECIPROCAL TRADE AGREEMENT ACT:
This act was designed to increase American exports in trade & decrease tariffs.

1935-37   NEUTRALITY ACTS
These acts simply stated, that when the president of the US declares a foreign war in process, certain restriction goes into effect.

1939:     NEUTRALITY ACT OF 1939
This act allowed the Europeans Democracies to buy American guns at the "cash and carry" basis.

1941:     The LENS-LEASE BILL:
This bill gave limitless supply of Arms to Britain which would be paid in full after the war was over.

JAPANESE ATTACK PLANS
The Japanese planned a major offensive to take the Dutch East Indies, Malaya, and the Philippines in order to obtain oil, metals, and other raw materials (which the US had placed the Embargo on) that they needed. At the same time, they would attack Pearl Harbor in Hawii to destroy the American Pacific fleet, to keep it from interfering with their plans.

1941:     DECLARATION OF WAR
Congress declared war on Japan and Germany and Italy declared war on the US.

1943:     SMITH-CONNOLLY ACT
This antistrike act authroized government seizure of a plant or mine idled by a strike if the war effort was impeded.

1943:     CASABLANCA CONFERENCE
F.D.R. and Winston Churchill declared a policy of unconditional surrender

HATCH ACT
This act barred federal administrative officials to be active in politics.

"Fair Deal"
This program of Truman, sought to extend the Social Security and an increase in minimum wage.

1944:     THE SERVICEMEN'S READJUSTMENT ACT (G.I BILL OF RIGHTS)
This act provided for 13 billion in aid for education for the veterans.

1945:     HIROSHIMA AND NAGASAKI
The atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, Japan, and the second was on Nagasaki, Japan.

1945:     POSTDAM CONFERENCE
During the conference, Truman ordered the dropping of the atomic bomb on Japan. The conference agreed to the concept of war-crimes trials and the demilitarization and denazification of Germany.

IRON CURTAIN
In a speech in Fulton, Missouri, Winston Churchill stated that an Iron Curtain had been spread across Europe separating the democratic from the authoritarian communist states.

1947:     TRUMAN DOCTRINE
President Truman asked Congress for $400 million dollars to aid Greece and Turkey. He argued that the US must support free people who were resisting communist domination.

1949:     NATO
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, stated that an attack against one would be considered an attack against all.

KOREAN WAR
N. KOREA invaded S. Korea. Truman committed US forces commanded by General MacArthur. The 38th parallel divided the North and South. Chinese troops attacked MacArthur's forces, pushing them back the parallel. MacArthur wanted a bloackade on China but Truman removed him from command.

Economy
The economic upturn of the 1950 was fueled by the massive appropriations for the Korean War.

1947:     LOYALTY REVIEW BOARD
This board was created in response to criticism, on Un-American activities. This board reviewed government employees.

1947:     TAFT-HARTLEY ACT
This act was passed over Truman's veto. It outlawed the closed shop and made unions liable for damages.

1947:     MARSHALL PLAN
This was a plan for recovery for western Europe.

KOREA
North Korea invaded South Korea. When Truman realized this, he sent troops to help the South. McArthur was the commander of the troops.

1950:     ROSENBERG CASE
Julius Ethel Rosenberg, as well as Harry Gold, were charged with giving atomic secreats to the Soviet Union. They were convicted and executed.

1952:     SOVEIT CHANGE IN POWER
Josef Stalin died in March of 53. Nikita Khrushchev emerged as the Soviety leader.

SUEZ CRISIS
President Nasser of Egypt was seeking funds to build a dam. The US agreed to lend money but refused to give arms.

1954:     BROWN VS. BOARD OF EDUCATION TOPEKA
This case reversed the old Plessy vs. Fuergerson suite. The court declared that separate educational facilities were inherently unequal.

1957:     SPUTNIK
This Soviet created satellite created fear that America was falling behind technologically. In response to this, Congress established the Natinoal Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).

1957:     EISENHOWER DOCTRINE
This doctrine pledge US military and economic aid to middle eastern nations.

1957:     CIVIL RIGHTS ACT
This act established a permanent Civil Rights Commission and a Civil Rights Division of the Justice Department which was empowered to prevent interface with the right to vote.

1958:     SHERMAN ADAMS SCANDAL
In the White House, chief of staff resigned after it was revealed that he had received a fur coat and an oriental rug in return for helping a Boston industrialist deal with the federal bureaucracy.

1960:     U-2 INCIDENT
American U-2 spy plane was shot don over the Soviet Union and the piolt was captured. Eisenhower ultimately took responsibilit for the spy plane.

1960:     SIT-INS
Four African American students staged a sit-in at a lunch counter in North Carolina. This inspired sit-ins elsewhere and led to the formation of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee(SNCC).

BAY OF PIGS
The CIA had trained 2000 men for an invasion of Cuba to overthrow Fidel Castro. They surrendered and left the men there.

THE SUN BELT
Florida, the Southwest, and California grew rapidly, with California becoming the most populous state by 1963.

BERLIN WALL
After a confrontation between Kennedy and Khrushchev in Berlin, Kennedy ordered an increase in defense funds. In response to this, Khrushchev closed the border between East and West Berlin by erecting a wall.

CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS
A U-2 plane brought photographic evidence that missile sites were eing built in Cuba. Kennedy, announced a blockade of Cuba and called Khrushchev to dismantle the missile bases and remove all weapons capable of attacking the U.S. from Cuba. Six day later, Khrushchev backed down, withdrew the missiles and Kennedy lifted the blockade.

1961     ALLIANCE FOR PROGRESS
This would provide $20 million to Latin America

1961     THE PEACE CORPS
This was an army of youthful teenagers brought American skills to underdeveloped countries.

1963     NUCLERAR TEST-BAN TREATY
This treaty with all the major powersf the world, prohibited trial explosions in the atmosphere.

KENNEDY'S ASSASSINATION
The president was shot in the brain. The alleged assassin was Lee Harvey Oswald.

1964     CIVIL RIGHTS ACT
This act gave the federal government more muscle to enforce desegregation.

THE OFFICE OF ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY
This program was on the front lines of the attack on poverty.

1965     MEDICARE ACT
This act combined hospital insurance for retired people.

1965     ELEMENTARY & SECONDARY EDCUCATION ACT
This act provided billions to school districts to improve the education.

1965     IMIGRATION ACT
This act discontinued the national origin system, basing immigration on such things as skill and need for political asylum.

1965     THE WATTS RIOT
This area of LA, erupted in riot. Over 15,000 Guardsmen were brought in. Property damage occured in the millions and a damino effect of riots occured in other parts of the country.

1966     NATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR WOMEN
NOW, was founded by Friedan and other feminists, calling for equal employment opportunities and equal pay.

VIETNAM
The US sent military advisors to S. Vietnam to aid the Gov. of Ngo Dinh Diem. The pro-communist Vietcong forces gradually grew in strength.

1965     THE "HAWKS" AND THE "DOVES"
The Hawks defended the presidents policy and the Doves argued against the policy of the president. The Doves were against the war.

VIETNAMIZATION
This was an effort to build up South Vietnamese forces while withdrawing American troops.

CAMBODIA
Nixon announced that vietnamization was succeeding. A few days later, he sent troops into Cambodia to clear out Vietcong sanctuaries and resumed the bombing of N.Vietnam.

KENT STATE KILLINGS
Members of the national guard fierd into an angry crowd of college students killing many

1971     PENTAGON PAPERS
These were top secreat defense documents which were published in dozens of newspapers.

1972     STRATEGIC ARMS LIMITATION TREATY
The SALT was signed. The signatories agreed to stop making nuclear ballistic missiles and to reduce the number of antiballistic missiles to 200 for each power.

1973     WAR POWERS ACT
This act required the president to report to Congress about sending troops to foreign nations.

DETENTE
This was Nixon's policy of peaceful coexistence with the Soviet Union.

THE ORGANIZATION OF PETROLEUM EXPORTING COUNTRIES
The OPEC (Venezuela, Saudi, Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, and Iran) then raised the price of oil from about $3.00 to $11.65 a barrel. US gas prices doubled and inflation shot above 10%

AMB TREATY
This antiballistic missile treaty, limited each nation of two clusters of bombs.

WATERGATE
This was a major scandal. It started out as A burglary in the Democratic headquarters. Bugging device were found in many offices.

SPIRO AGNEW
Vice President Spiro Agnew was accused of income tax fraud and having accepted bribes while a local official in Maryland.

NIXON
The Supreme Court ordered the president to release the tapes to the special prosecutor. Under presure, he realese the tapes. The tapes revealed that Nixon had used the CIA to keep the FBI from investigating the case.

GERALD FORD
This president was the 1st appointed president. He was the first man to be made president by a vote of congress.

PARDONING OF NIXON
Gerald Ford, a friend of Nixon, pardons him of his crimes. This good will act caused much controversy.

1978     PANAMA CANAL TREATY
Carter negotiated a treaty with Panama, which provided for the transfer of ownership of the canal.

1979     SALT II
This treaty was signed with the Soviet Union. It set a ceiling of bomb and missiles for both sides. This proposal never passed through the senate.

1978 CAMP DAVID AGREEMENT
At Camp David, leaders of Egypt (Anwar Sadat) and Israel (Menachem Begin) attended at the request of the president. Carter wanted to end the war that existed for both sides. An agreement was reached.

INVASION OF AFGAHANISTAN
The Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan. Carter stopped shipments of grain and certain advanced technology to the Soviet Union and withdrew the SALT II from the Senate.

IRAN HOSTAGE CRISIS
Iranians took hostages in the American embassy. They wanted their Shah to return to Iran for trial.

1981     BUDGET RECONCILIATION ACT
This act cut billions of dollars from domestic programs. Reagan said that he would maintain a "saftey net" for the "truly needy" for the "truly needy," focusing aid on those unable to work because of disability or need for child care. While cutting domestic programs, Reagan increased the defense budget.

AIR TRAFFIC CONTROLLERS
The federally employeed air traffic controllers entered an illegal strike. Reagan ordered them to return to work, and most refused to do so, and he fired them all.

SDI
This was a computer controlled strategic defense initiative system

IRAN-CONTRA
This was a scandal that involved top officials selling arms to the Iranians

TAX REFORM ACT
This act lowered tax rates

BLACK MONDAY
The Dow Jones (stock market) industrial average dropped more than 500 points.