1. Kinetic theory: the nature of gases
2. Kinetic theory: temperature
3. Pressure
4. Avogadro's hypothesis
5. Nature of liquids
6. Vaporization
7. Boiling point of a liquid
8. Nature of solids
9. Phase changes [ Practice Phase Change 3-Area Diagrams] [Reference ]
10. Energy and phase changes [ Practice Phase Change Energy Diagrams]

Chapter 9

9-1 Kinetic Theory and the Nature of Gases

- Kinetic Theory: particles in all forms of matter are in motion

9-2 Kinetic Energy and Temperature

- Heat make particles move fast (gain more kinetic energy).

9-3 Pressure

- Gas pressure is the pressure exerted by gas upon an object contained within it. A container with no gas pressure is a vacuum.

- Atmospheric pressure is gas pressure exerted by the air.

- Barometers measure atmospheric pressure.

9-4 Avagadro's Hypothesis

- At the same conditions of temperature and pressure, equal volumes of gases contain the same number of particles.

9-5 The Nature of Liquids

- Liquids flow like gases.

9-6 Vaporization

- Liquid -> Gas below boiling point = vaporization.

- Liquid surface molecules leave the surface and become gas molecules.

- In a closed container, the pressure of the vaporized liquid above the liquid creates vapor pressure.

9-7 The Boiling Point of a Liquid

- Boiling point: the temperature at which the vapor pressure in the container equals the outside pressure.

9-8 The Nature of Solids

- In crystalline form, particles are neatly packed.

- In amorphous form, the particles lack order.

9-9 Phase Changes [Practice Phase Change 3-Area Diagrams] [ Reference]

- How energy is used in phase changes: When heat is applied to ice, it continues to absorb the heat until it reaches its melting point. At that point, added energy is used not to raise the temperature, but rather to make the phase change. The temperature stays at 273 K until all of the solid is gone. Presently, added energy is once again used to raise the temperature of the liquid. Once the liquid reaches its boiling point. At that temperature, energy is used to make the phase change. After all of the liquid is gone, energy is once again used to raise temperature.

- Solid -> gas without first becoming a liquid = sublimation.

9-10 Energy and Phase Changes [Practice Phase Change Energy Diagrams]

- Energy used to raise temperature is affecting the specific heat of the solid. Energy used to make the phase change is breaking physical bonds and is called heat of fusion, heat of solidification, heat of condensation, or heat of vaporization.

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