1. Functional Groups
2. Halocarbons
3. Substitution Reactions
4. Alcohols
5. Properties of Alcohols
6. Addition Reactions
7. Ethers
8. Aldehydes and Ketones
9. Carboxylic Acids
10. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
11. Esters
12. Polymerization
13. Carbohydrates
14. Lipids
15. Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins
16. Nucleic Acids

Chapter 20 [Practice Cumulative Organic Naming]

20-1 Functional Groups

- Functional group: definite structural parts of an organic compound that give the compound certain characteristics.

- See Chempire's Online Organic Naming Guide. ---------LLLLLLLLLIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIINNNNNNNNNNNNKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK------------------

20-2 Halocarbons

- Halocarbons contain atoms that take the place of hydrogens.

- See Chempire's Online Organic Naming Guide.

20-3 Substitution Reactions

- In a substitution reaction, one atom from a diatomic halogen molecule replaces a hydrogen in a hydrocarbon. This leaves a halocarbon and a hydrogen halide.

20-4 Alcohols

- Alcohols have an OH group hanging off somewhere on the carbon chain.

20-5 Properties of Alcohols

- Denatured alchol is toxic ethyl alcohol.

20-6 Addition Reactions

- In an addition reaction, a compound is added, situated around a double bond. It is performed such that the double bond is no longer needed, with each half of the compound attaching itself to one of the carbons on either side of the double bond.

- A hydration reaction is a special addition reaction in which water is the substance added.

- A hydrogenation reaction is a special addition reaction in which diatomic molecular hydrogn (H2) is the substance added.

20-7 Ethers

- If an oxygen is stuck between two carbons, the chain is an ether.

20-8 Aldehydes and Ketones

- If a carbonyl group (C=O) is stuck at the end of a carbon chain, the chain is an aldehyde.

- If a carbonyl group (C=O) is stuck in between two carbons, the chain is a ketone.

20-9 Carboxylic Acids

- A carboxyl group looks like this:

    O

    ||

  - C - OH

- If a carboxyl group is stuck at the end of a carbon chain, the chain is a carboxylic acid.

20-10 Oxidation-reduction reactions

- If a hydrogen is lost from a carbon chain for whatever reason, the reaction is called a dehydrogenation reaction.

20-11 Esters

- If, in an ether, there is a oxygen double-bonded to one of the carbons that is attached to the central oxygen, the chain is an ester.

20-12 Polymerization

- Polymers are just a simple molecule repeated over and over again in a chain.

- The simple molecule that gets repeated is called the monomer.

20-13 Carbohydrates

- Carbohydrates have lots of aldehyde, ketone, and hydroxyl groups on their polymeric chain.

20-14 Lipids

- Fats, oils, and waxes/

20-15 Amino Acids, Peptides and Protiens

- Amino acids contain both NH2 groups and COOH groups.

20-16 Nucleic Acids

- DNA, RNA.

- Adenine , Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine are the bases found in DNA and RNA.

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