1. Hydrocarbon Bonds
2. Continuous-Chain Alkanes
3. Branched-Chain Alkanes
4. Properties of Alkanes
5. Alkenes and Alkynes
6. Geometric Isomers
7. Stereoisomers
8. Cyclic and Aromatic Hydrocarbons
9. Natural Gas and Petroleum

Chapter 19

19-1 Hydrocarbon Bonds

- Hydrocarbons: compounds containing only hydrogen and carbon.

- Alkanes: hydrocarbons with only single bonds.

19-2 Continuous-Chain Bonds

- Continuous-chain bonds look like this:

      H     H            H

       |     |             |

 H - C - C - . . . - C - H

       |     |             |

      H     H            H

- Continuous-chain molecules having naming rules. They start end with -ane and start with a prefix that describes how many carbons are present. See Chempire's Online Organic Naming Guide. ------------LLLLLLLLLLLLLLIIIIIIIIIIIINNNNNNNNNNNKKKKKKKKK_--------------------

19-3 Branched-Chain Alkanes

- A substituient takes the place of a hydrogen coming off of a main carbon.

- Alkyl group: a hydrocarbon substituent.

- One carbon hanging off is a methyl group; two is a ethyl group, three is a propyl group.

- See Chempire's Online Organic Naming Guide ------------LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIINNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK------------- ---

19-4 Properties of Alkanes

- Same molecular formula, different structural formula = isomers.

19-5 Alkenes and Alkynes

- Alkenes contain C=C, double bonds between at least one pair of carbons.

- Alkynes contain Cº C, triple bonds between at least one pair of carbons.

19-6 Geometric Isomers

- Cis isomer:

 CH3           CH3

       \          /

        C  =  C

       /    ^     \

      H    ||     H

             |

 no rotation around

     double bond

- Trans isomer:

 H          CH3

   \         /

    C = C

   /         \

 CH3       H

19-7 Stereoisomers

- Stereoisomers' structural formulas onyl differ in that they are reflections of each other.

19-8 Cyclic and Aromatic Hydrocarbons

- Cyclic hydrocarbons contain a hydrocarbon ring.

- Aliphatic compounds do not contain rings.

- Aromatic compounds have bonds like that of benzene.

19-9 Natural Gas and Petroleum

- Methane combustion: CH4 + 2O2 --------> CO2 + 2H2O + heat

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