1. Neutralization Reactions
2. Titration
3. Equivalents
4. Normality
5. Salt Hydrolysis
6. Buffers
7. The Solubility Product Constant
8. The Common Ion Effect

Chapter 18

18-1 Neutralization Reactions

- An acid and a base react to form a salt and water.

18-2 Titration

- If you need to know the concentration of an acid, you can add just enough of a base with a known concentration to neutralize the acid. This process is called titration.

18-3 Equivalents

- An equivalent is however much acid (or base) you need to produce one mol H^(+) (or OH^(-) ).

- Gram equivalent mass: the mass, in grams, of one equivalent of a acid or base.

18-4 Normality

- Normality (N) = equiv/L.

18-5 Salt Hydrolysis

- If a salt made in an A/B neutralization can accept or give H^(+) ions when dissolved, hydrolysis is taking place.

18-6 Buffers

- Buffers are substances where you can add a little acid or base, and the solution's pH will not noticeably change.

18-7 The Solubility Product Constant

- Solubility Product Constant:

 K(sp) = [cation]^(cation's coefficient) x [anion]^(anion's coefficient).

18-8 The Common Ion Effect

- A common ion is in both salts in a solution.

- Common Ion Effect: solubility lowers upon the addition of a common ion.

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