1. Solution Formation
2. Solubility [Practice ]
3. Factors Affecting Solubility
4. Molarity [Practice ]
5. Making Dilutions [Practice ]
6. Percent Solutions
7. Colligative Properties of Solutions
8. Molality and Mole Fraction [Practice ]
9. Caculating Boiling and Freezing Point Changes

Chapter 15

15-1 Solution Formation

- Stirring something only affects how fast something will dissolve, not whether it will at all. If one substance can dissolve another, it will eventually do so without any interference. Along the same lines, stirring two insoluble substances forever will not make them dissolve.

15-2 Solubility [Practice]

- Saturated = contains maximum solute.

- Solubility: the amount of a substance that dissolves in a given amount of solvent at a certain temperature.

- Unsaturated = does not contain maximum solute.

- Two liquids are miscible of they dissolve each other.

- Two liquids that don't dissolve each other are immiscible.

15-3 Factors Affecting Solubility

- Temperature affects solubility rates.

- Concentration affects solubility rates.

- Pressure affects solubility rates.

- Henry's Law: solubility of a gas in a liquid is proportional to the pressure above the liquid.

- Supersaturated = the solvent contains too much of a substance to dissolve it completely.

15-4 Molarity [Practice]

- Molarity (M) = (mol of solute)/(liters of solution).

15-5 Making Dilutions [ Practice]

- M(initial) x V(initial) = M(final) x V(final).

15-6 Percent Solutions

- % by volume = [ V(solute) ] / [ V(solution) ] x 100%

15-7 Colligative Properties of Solutions

- Colligative properties: vapor pressure depression, boiling point elevation, freezing point depression.

- Colligative properties are affected by the number of solute particles in the solution.

- More particles = lower vapor pressure.

- More particles = higher boiling point.

- More particles = lower freezing point.

15-8 Molality and Mole Fraction [Practice]

- Molality (m) = ( mol solute ) / ( 1000 g solvent )

15-9 Calculating Boiling and Freezing Point Changes

- (boiling point change) = K(b) x m.

- (freezing point change) = K(f) x m.

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