Chapter 1 - Basic information
The scientific method
Properties of matter
The states of matter
Physical change
Mixtures
Elements and compounds
Symbols in chemistry
Energy
Conservation of energy
Chemical reactions
Conservation of Mass
Lab Equipment [Practice
]
1-1 Chemistry - Chemistry is the study of the compostion of substances and the changes that they undergo. - Organic chemistry
is the study of most substances that contain carbon. - Inorganic chemistry focuses on substances lacking carbon. - Analytical chemistry
concerns the composition of substances. - Physical chemistry explains the behaviors of chemical substances. - Biochemistry concerns living organisms.
1-2 The Scientific Method- The scientific method
sets up ground rules for scientific research. First, the hypothesis establishes an "educated guess." Next, experimentation
is done in order to gather more information. During experimentation, at least one variable must be controlled. A variable is anything that can be changed:
temperature, pressure, substance, amount of substance, etc. By controlling a variable, you are able to
determine which of the other variables is causing a certain change in the experimentation. After experimentation, the hypothesis is either left as it was (all data
collected during experimentation supports it), adjusted (some data collected during experimentation supports it), or thrown out entirely (no data
supports the hypothesis). After repeated experimentation, usually by more than one person, the hypothesis may be elevated to a theory. Theories must be thoroughly tested. A
law is a generally agreed-upon statement that describes a natural event rather than explaining it. 1-3 Properties of Matter- Matter is anything that takes up space. - Mass
is how much matter an object or substance contains. - A substance is anything that has a uniform composition. - Physical properties
can be noticed without changing a substance's composition. 1-4 The States of Matter- A solid has a definite shape and volume. - A liquid has a fixed volume and takes the shape of its container. - A gas
takes both the volume and the shape of its container. 1-5 Physical Changes
- A Physical change occurs without changing a substances composition. 1-6 Mixtures- A
mixture contains two or more substances. - A heterogeneous mixture is not uniform in composition. - A homogeneous mixture is somplete - A
solution is a homogeneous mixture. 1-7 Elements and Compounds-
Elements are the simplest form of matter that you can find in an average laboratory. - Compounds can only by made compostionally simpler through chemical changes.
1-8 Chemical Symbols- Each element is represented by a chemical symbol
. (Examples: H=hydrogen, C=carbon, Na=sodium, Hg=mercury.)
1-9 Energy- Any work is done with energy. - Some energy, like light, is radiant. - Stored energy is called potential energy.
- The energy of things in motion is kinetic energy. 1-10 Conservation of Energy- The law of conservation of energy: in any chemical or physical process, energy is neither created nor destroyed. 1-11 Chemical Reactions- Chemical reactions change at least one substance into a new substance.
1-12 Conservation of Mass- The law of conservation of mass:
in any physical or chemical reaction, mass is neither created nor destroyed; it is conserved. 1-13 Lab Equipment [ Practice]
- Your chemistry teacher can help familiarize you with lab equipment. - Go to Chapter: 1 2 3
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