
Extremely cold climate
Low biotic diversity
Simple vegetation structure
Limitation of drainage
Short season of growth and reproduction
Energy and nutrients in forms of dead organic
material
Large population oscillations
The Tundra is the coldest of all the biomes. The word Tundra
originated from the Finnish word tunturia, meaning treeless plain.
There are two types of tundras: arctic tundra and alpine tundra.

Dead organic material functions as a nutrient pool. The two major
nutrients are nitrogen and phosphorous.
Here in the Tundra, decomposition occurs very slowly.
Due to the low temperatures, the ground of the Tundra is frozen year
round, making decompostion difficult. This year round frost is known as
permafrost.
Continuous nights in the winter and ongoing sunlight during the
summer are charateristic of this biome. With these extreme weather
differences it gives less then 60 days for the growing season.
There is an annual 0 to 24 hour change in day length - there is constant
darkness in the winter, and constant sunlight during the summer.
stubby, and low to the ground.
Animals in the Artic adapted to handle long cold winters and to breed and raise young quickly in the short summer. Animals like mammals and birds also have additional insulation such as fat. Many animals hibernate during the winter because food is not abundant. Another alternative is to migrate south in the winter, like birds do. Reptiles and amphibians are few or absent because of the extremely cold temperature. The weather also forces the constant immigration and emigration of the animals.