Introduction

The evolution of music has been driven by composers' reactions to the music that they have been exposed to. For the most part, they have usually tried to adjust or improve upon the music that has come before them. However, the Modern period has been largely focused on completely redefining music as we know it. The twentieth century has been a time of musical experimenation, as composers have tried to redefine virtually every aspect of music: tonality, rhythm, form, harmony, and even the qualities of sound itself.

The reason that composers wanted to completely change the face of music was mostly because the old systems were growing so overused that they were becoming limiting factors. A large question looming over composers was "what do you do when everything's been done already?". As many different composers tried to answer this question in many different ways, the musical world was split in more different directions than it had been pulled before.

Historical Context

One usually points to Impressionism as being the root of the Modern period. However, the end of World War I is widely considered the real start of the Modern period. Postwar society was characterized by rebellion and experimentation. As a result, music of the time became increasingly divided as composers went their own separate ways. Because of its experimental nature, much of the music from 1910 to 1930 was called "the new music". A major development of this time was the concept of atonality.

In the thirties, the world faced a global economic depression, as well as the rise of dictatorships in Germany, Russia, and Italy. The tension of the time led many to adjust moral, political, and social questions. Music was affected as well, and from 1930 to 1950 there was a general movement to bridge the gap between "old" and "new" music. The Neo-Classical movement came as a result of this longing to somehow return to tradition.

In retrospect, the 20th century was generally a century of "isms": Atonalism, Serialism, Minimalism, etc. No one can really tell yet which of these movements will stand the test of time; as Schoenberg put it: "Contemporaries are not final judges, but are generally overruled by history."

Chamber Music in the Modern Period

The late Romantic period was full of massive, extravagant symphonies and tone-poems. For modern composers trying to counteract the size and scope of these gigantic works, chamber music provided the ideal medium. As a result, chamber music saw a bit of a resurgence in the Modern period.

However, the idea of chamber music was somewhat changed as well. Many composers, seeking out new sound colors, tried several different arrangements of instruments. Also, the music became increasingly harder, to the point that much of it is playable only by very skilled ensembles.

Composers

Currently it is difficult to tell which of the modern composers will be remembered by history. A few men seem to have already earned this lasting recognition. Among them are Béla Bartók, Dmitri Shostakovich, and Arnold Schoenberg who are considered among the great authors of chamber music in the 20th century. Other widely recognized names include Claude Debussy, Igor Stravinsky, and Sergei Prokofiev. There are many more names out there, but whether they will be remembered or not is still a question up in the air.

Click here to see the full listing of Modern composers.

New Developments

Impressionism	While considered more a movement of the Modern Period than of the Romantic, Impressionism served as a transitional bridge between the two epochs.
Expressionism	A kind of outgrowth of Romanticism, expressionism aimed to represent feelings from the "inner" perspective.
Atonalism	For the entire history of western music, music had been written with a tonal centre in mind, until composers in the 20th century began venture into atonality, or the lack of a definite key.
Neo-Classicism	After much of the experimentation of the early 20th century, many composers tried to incorporate these new musical discoveries while keeping with traditional methods.
The 12-tone Series	Created by Schoenberg, the 12-tone series became a popular method of composing atonal music.
Serialism	Serialist composers did not "write" music in the traditional sense, but rather created music through mathematical methods.
Indeterminism	Pioneered by John Cage, indeterminism aimed to remove all creative choice from composition, leaving it up to chance.
Minimalism	By employing miniscule changes to music over an extended length of time, minimalists strove to create a near-hypnotic effect.

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