The Arabians formerly inhabited Arabian Penninsula. The oldest civilization was created by Arabians from southern tribes. It based on highly developed agriculture. It falled in VIth century BC. Since XVth century BC many countries existed on this territory. The dominating kingdoms were Minean, Sabaean and Himyarite. Parts of this area was invaded by Romans. It was also partially conquered by Persians and partally influenced by Bizantines. In VIth century Mecca became one of the most important Arabian cities. It was set on the interection of trade routes and it was also a place of cult of Black Stone, which made it the spiritual centre of Arabia. Mahomet (c. 570-632 AD), the prophet of islam and creator of Mussulman coutry, was born here. The new religion united Arabians. Between 632-661 AD, during the reign of caliphs Abu Bakr, Umar, Usman and Ali Arabians started military expansion.

Toward the end of this time period Islam believers divided into 'szynnici' and 'suici'. Between 661-750 Omayyad Dynasty ruled the empire. During their reign new teritories were counquered. As a cosequence of reforms made by them, economic and cultural development took place. Damascus was the capital city. The next Dynasty, Abbisids, ruled till 1258. Capital was moved to Baghdad. During this period political domination of Arabians ended and power of empire declined. But great cultural development took place. Since Xth century Abbisids had only formal authority. The rulers were first Persian viziers then Turks. The Abbisid Dynasty lost control of the whole country and provinces were becaming independent one after another. The Mongolian invade in 1258 made the end of Abbisid empire.

The involvement and contribution of islam to the arabic civilizations that subscribed to it's doctrines are of great importance to the advancement of their culture, society and sciences. The islamic view of society is deeply based on the ideal that it is the job of all Muslims to promote God's rule. Despite the considerable influence that this belief has on the politics of certain areas, this rule of God is not construed to be purely clerical as it is seen in Christianity. Though certain sects have taken the ideal of reforming society to an extreme, the religion in itself preaches moderation and acceptance. Islam considers all spheres of life to be part of the holistic belief system, emplasizing social duties and values.

The islamic school and university system has promoted some of the greatest developments of science and technology in the arabic culture previous to the colonial actions of the Europeans in that area. Originally founded to teach high religious officials, these universities had a powerfil effect on the policies of certain areas, though these have been offset in recent times. During the ninth and tenth centuries, Islamic kings founded various institutions of secular study which to these days remain centers of scholastics. Medieval scholars from these institutes made important contributions to almost every subject of mention such as mathematics, philosophy, medicine, astronomy, and natural sciences, making the inslamic communities the most fertile in terms of discoveries in the ensuing centuries. However, with the following opression of these areas, science fell back in importance which it only today is regaining.

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This file was last modified on Wednesday, 22-Sep-2010 12:37:56 PDT