Hyena , African carnivore with a large head and neck; long, well-developed forelegs; and powerful jaws and premolars adapted for crushing bones. Each foot has four toes with nonretractible claws, well suited for running on the open plains, where hyenas feed on hoofed animals. Of the three hyena species, the best known is the spotted, or laughing, hyena. Ranging south of the Sahara, it is the largest and most robust of the hyenas, with a length of 1.8 m (5.9 ft) and a height of 90 cm (36 in) at the shoulder. Adults are brown-gray with dark brown or black spots. Named for their cry, which has been compared to hysterical human laughter, they also emit a striking howl that rises in pitch. Spotted hyenas were long thought to be only scavengers (warring African tribes abandoned their dead to the animals). Recently, hyenas have been found to be among the chief predators of herbivores, especially zebra and wildebeest. The hyenas attack in packs at night, ripping open the flanks of their prey and carrying off the carcasses. Hyenas associate in clans centered around communal dens occupied by batches of young at varying stages of growth. Females conceive throughout the year, giving birth after 110 days to one or two cubs, which dig their own tunnels. Pair bonding is not evident; the female, larger than the male, selects her mating partners. The female sexual organs have an external resemblance to the male's, a phenomenon probably related to scent identification, which plays a large part when clan members encounter one another. A clan may consist of 10 or 12 females, 20 cubs, and a number of males on the fringe; it is strongly territorial. The two other species-the striped hyena and the brown hyena-bear manes of coarse, erectile hair and are smaller and far less aggressive than the spotted hyena. The striped hyena, gray-tan with vertical stripes, ranges from East Africa north into Asia. It is largely a scavenger, often eating vulture-picked bones. The brown hyena, found in southern Africa, is dark brown with a gray head and striped legs. It feeds mainly on fish and crabs .