Stanley Ned talks with Wendy Arundale about...

1) ...his background and growing up born--March 2, 1950\ Allakaket\ Ned, Simon--father\ Ned, Pauline--mother\ mother--deceased\ high school\ Mt. Edgecumbe--two years\ Lathrop High School\ Fairbanks\ service--military; drafted\ spring camp\ memories--early\ Allakaket--camp four miles above\ camps--winter, summer, spring|

2) ...his grandfather Joe Williams Williams, Joe--grandfather\ grandfather--brought in muskrats early in morning, cooked hotcakes\ elders--as teachers; professors\ grandfather--taught skills\ muskrats--skinning\ ducks--gutting\ hunting--learned from them\ uncle--William, William\ Koyukuk, Jimmy--lived with them\ wildlife--learned how to care for, what, when to take|

3) ...daily life at camps summer camp\ fish camp\ season--mid-June to late August\ South Fork--forty miles above Allakaket\ South Fork--old village\ Koyukuk River\ chum salmon\ dog salmon\ village--by 1950's living in Allakaket\ Kanuti\ Alatna\ school--forced into by missionaries, teachers, miners\ teachers--against use of Native tongue\ religion--said to be devil worship\ problem--outsiders lacked understanding|

4) ...about missionaries and school at Allakaket Mendelsohn, Randy\ church--degraded Native ways, restricted people and language\ school--started at age seven\ language--English spoken in school; hard\ teachers--not one was helpful or sympathetic\ language--punished for use of Native tongue\ punishments--Borax soap, paddle, etc.|

5) ...true teachers and the differences between Native and Western education teachers--true; grandfathers, aunts, uncles, brothers\ aunt--Williams, Effie, stayed at camp with\ stories\ camp--work, got wood\ uncle--stories from hunting\ education--like the Native way better\ resources--knowledge of fish and game\ management--when to take or not\ language--Natives have hard time with English, meanings differ\ advice--try to listen to what Native people have to say\ values\ tradition\ animals--taking care of\ management--when to get, leave alone\ moose--pop the eyes so animal will not see; respect\ culture--many things won't be taped because they will be misunderstood|

6) ...potlatches potlatch--important\ last supper--respect for deceased\ potlatch--changes in\ missionaries--took away things\ culture loss--missionaries, teachers, miners\ religion--outsider's discouraged\ white people--have their God\ Native people--have their spirit\ conflict--no scientific proof of either, yet whites don't see it that way|

7) ...attending Mt. Edgecumbe and Lathrop high schools Mt. Edgecomb--1966; strange place\ father--said would be good experience\ students--fellow villagers; helped\ Mt. Edgecumbe--left after two years\ conflict--authority\ Lathrop--distractions\ foster couple--stayed with; Fairbanks\ Berger, Roger and Molly|

8) ...getting drafted into military service Army--drafted July 7, 1970\ Washington--left for July 22\ Fort Hughes--stayed two months, boot camp\ Fort Carson--Colorado\ advanced infantry training--two more months\ Allakaket--two weeks to say goodbye\ Fort Dick--New Jersey; two and half months\ Stuedgaurd, Germany--enjoyed experience\ prejudice--found everywhere\ Vietnam--nobody liked it there\ Vietnam--left March 18, 1972|

9) ...his life after military service University of Alaska Fairbanks--two semesters; 1973\ school--quit, wasn't ready\ Allakaket--started trapping\ subsistence\ teachers--older people\ Allakaket--stayed from 1973-1989\ University of Alaska Fairbanks--two years\ Tanana Chiefs Conference--accepted job with\ school--plan to return to finish\ wildlife management\ rural development|

10) ...experiences at the university attitudes--change since 1973; more interest now in understanding Native ways\ Native Students--common problems\ language--Natives use mix of tongues\ effect--people keep quiet; self-conscious|

11) ...work at Tanana Chiefs Conference Tanana Chiefs Conference--job as staff researcher\ subsistence program--get information from villages\ Westerners--goal to educate about Native life\ cultural translator\ potlatches--funeral and memorial; changes\ regions--traditions vary\ South Fork People\ Old Man People--Kanuti\ Huslia\ Koyukuk People\ Hughes\ Huslia\ Allakaket\ Alatna\ Galena--more Western influence\ stickdance\ Koyukuk\ Nulato|

12) ...interrelationships and connections between villages family--one big one\ death--people gather to help spiritually\ mourning--shared\ potlatch--funeral; best food, fresh meat\ last supper|

13) ...fulfilling aspects of work with Tanana Chiefs Conference job\ elders--enjoy work with\ professors--old people\ tradition--passing between generations\ change--development like malignant cancer; can't be stopped|

14) ...changes affecting people today language--loss\ Jones, Professor Eliza\ Arundale, Wendy--technical support\ Native Heritage--young don't understand, nothing documented\ place names--kids don't travel and learn\ regulations--state and federal\ land ownership\ people--influx of outsiders\ Bettles--access road proposed\ villages--on road, people move in\ subsistence--big impact on\ Lower 48--animals in zoos\ change--too fast\ land--that is our store for fresh food\ resources--pressure upon\ conflicts--will increase\ lobbyists\ special interests\ money--Natives don't have enough to fight|

15) ...the subsistence issue subsistence--critical issue\ tribal government\ Indian Reorganization Act\ government--state and federal\ Washington--try to run our life\ regulations--state game; apply more to sport hunters than Natives\ villages--not listened to by bureaucracy\ Natives--input slowly having effect\ agencies--state; listening\ McDowell Case--took away subsistence\ federal government--took over\ Tanana Chiefs Conference|

16) ...future directions comanagement--help with regulation\ education--Native involvement\ bureaucracy\ subsistence advisory groups\ McDowell Case--effect is more attention to Native concerns|

17) ...local effects and reactions to formation of Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve Allakaket--hearing\ federal government--took input\ result--little listened to or used\ hearings--almost done just to have record of dealing with Natives\ Gates of the Arctic--local use\ hunting--moose, caribou, sheep\ Gates of the Arctic--long used as resource in reserve\ Gates of the Arctic--spiritual importance\ Gates of the Arctic--local attitudes toward\ park\ permits\ restrictions\ reaction--negative\ visitor use--on increase\ Bettles--launch point\ subsistence--afraid to lose rights\ floaters--going through prime hunting land\ South Fork--moose hunting\ Tanana Chiefs Conference--working on regulation proposals|

18) ...final comments place names--map; to be completed with elders\ values--Allakaket\ Westerners\ Natives--ways at home\ Westerners--accumulate things\ Natives--live mostly off land\ elders\ Native ways|